Play “The Crucible” by Arthur Miller Essay

â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller is a play set during thte hysteria of the Salem witch trials of 1692. The word â€Å"crucible† is defined as â€Å"a severe test† or â€Å"a container for melting or purifying metals.† The title of this play is incredibly appropriate because the charactersin the play were faced with a great test while attempting to purify their community. WHen faced with a conflict, the citizens of Salem begin to act on basic animal instincts, and their true colors shine through. The word â€Å"crucible† is appropriate because the intention of the court was to purge the town of Salem of any evil beings, but the court only created a way for wrong-doers to go unpunished and those who stayed true to their values be killed. The additional definition of â€Å"crucible† is appropriate because the characters in the play were faced with a choice of doing what was morally and ethically correct or doing what was wrong. For example, John Proctor is tested several times throughout the play. â€Å"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life†¦I have given you my sould; leave me my name† (Miller, 1166). The audience is able to see Proctor’s true character through this quote. Although he is sentenced to be hanged, he refuses to soil his name or jeopardize his morals, not even in exchange for his life. Mary Warren represents the bulk of the citizens of Salem because she was driven by fear. â€Å"I cannot, they’ll turn on me† (Miller, 1129). When Mary Warren trys to to undo her wrongs, she becomes frightened to stand on her own and risk being accused of witchcraft. Many of the citizens of Salem that were accused of witchcraft sacrificed their morals and their values in order to keep their lives. When the citizens of Salem become scared, they lose their ability to think logically. Many of them lie to save themselves or lie to gain something. The choas brought out each characters true personality.

Vpn Reactor Guide

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A Slant On

, # 8220 ; The Old Man And The Sea # 8221 ; Essay, Research Paper Santiago: A Perfect Role Model for Manolin In the novel, # 8220 ; The Old Man and the Sea # 8221 ; , Hemingway builds a character that is easy comparative to any great hero or graven image in history. This character, named # 8220 ; Santiago # 8221 ; displays the features needed to suppress his conflicts or at least make all he can to accomplish his ends. This is particularly of import sing the fact that he is looked at as a wise man of kinds by another character, the immature male child named? Manolin. ? Manolin has known the old adult male since the age of five. As a protege to Santiago, Manolin has grown to hold a great trade of regard for the old adult male. This is represented by the male child? s avidity to stand by the old adult male? s side no affair what the state of affairs is. Santiago is the prototype of the homo will, and a show for how bravery and doggedness are able to win over troubles that seem about impossible to get the better of. Early on in the novel, we see that the old adult male has fallen onto difficult times in his fishing profession. This is non the first clip this has happened though. It has been many yearss since his last gimmick and the state of affairs looks really black to those who do non cognize the old adult male? s desire and bravery. They see the# 8220 ; furrows # 8221 ; , and # 8220 ; malignant neoplastic disease blotches # 8221 ; of an old adult male, but non the eyes, which# 8220 ; have remained unchanged. # 8221 ; Most of the townsfolk know of Santiago? s looking discouragement, and their reactions to this are slightly disconnected. A good part of the townsfolk and chap fishermen sympathize for Santiago and keep a great trade of regard for this fallen hero. But the others shun him and his curst fishing fortune. They are superstitious and experience that he brings a dark cloud to loom over the small town that will cuss all of them with his exact bad fortune. However, it is clear to the reader that it is what Santiago possesses, which the pessimistic fishermen do non, that gives the old adult male an overall advantage. This prized ownership is identified by the reader as a strong will. It appears that Santiago has ever coveted the strong will. Once known as # 8220 ; El Campeon # 8221 ; , because of his singular arm-wrestling and fishing abilities, it appears that he still obtains this strong will inside him. As a human-centered in the truest sense, he was more than willing to learn the immature Manolin everything he knew of angling while Manolin was merely a really immature kid. In return, a great trade of esteem was formed by Manolin in acknowledgment for the befriending by Santiago. Presently, nevertheless, Manolin, like many of the other fishermen isn? t absolutely clear on how to react to the old adult male? s quandary. He realizes that the old adult male is in an improbably atrocious fishing drouth, but he besides remembers their doggedness in the yesteryear and the wagess they reaped for it. He decides that he will take non to listen to others such as his male parent and what they have to state, and continue in support of his friend. As a mark of his trueness, Manolin foremost asks the old adult male if he may attach to him on his following twenty-four hours? s trip to sea. At first this supplication is turned down by the old adult male. But after farther bargaining and a spot of reminiscing of better times, the old adult male agrees to some aid from the male child. The reluctance by Santiago shows his attention for the male child? s wellbeing. It is merely the adult male? s assurance in his salvation that allowed him to eventually accept the male child? s offer of aid. Santiago? s certainty in this # 8220 ; salvation # 8221 ; is perplexing to some, while Manolin has no problem hold oning the thought. This is because the qualities that have been instilled into the male child are the same as the old adult male? s. They are genuinely believing on the same wavelength. This separates, or isolates them from the remainder of the small town ; but neither the male child nor the adult male truly cares. Subsequently in the book comes the difficult trial of Santiago? s mental and physical strengths. Finally, his opportunity for salvation, comes in the signifier of a Very big fish. In fact, it is the largest fish the old adult male has of all time attempted to catch. A great conflict between the old adult male and the fish Begins. This conflict, nevertheless, is non one fueled by fury and defeat, but instead by bravery and volitions. The old adult male and the fish are similar in certain facets. These facets are recognized by the old adult male, and this is why the conflict is such an honest one apparently on both terminals of the rope. # 8220 ; There is a difference between ? killing? and the ceasing of allowing an animate being die. # 8221 ; Santiago knows this, and he is good determined to convey in the mighty fish, and intelligibly so. # 8220 ; When an single sees that all finite centres and truenesss are fliting and incapable of being permanent objects of religion, so he will abdicate all old attempts in desperation, repent in humbleness, and appreciatively do the motion of religion by which entirely his life can go meaningful and worthwhile. # 8221 ; Yet at the same clip his regard for the fish and award of his ain character clutters any opportunities of pure satisfaction for the salvation that would be the violent death of the fish. Santiago found award in everything he did. He was non a mendicant ; though he had much to implore for. He was non a quitter ; though failure long stared him in the eyes. Most significantly, he was a lovingness adult male. He cared for himself and others every bit. It was easy to see that these traits had so been passed down to Manolin. Just as the old adult male found no # 8220 ; loss of true pride # 8221 ; in his failures, the male child found similarly in his friendly relationship with the old adult male. After all, in Hemingway? s # 8220 ; hunt for wider societal significance # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; The Old Man and the Sea # 8221 ; showed it is non success that determines one? s worth. It is, as the male child and the adult male both knew, character that is the true clincher. Bibliography A ) Klemke, E.D. # 8220 ; The Meaning of Life # 8221 ; New York: Oxford University Imperativeness 1981, p. 166 B ) # 8220 ; Hemingway # 8221 ; Compton? s Pictured Encyclopedia, vol. GH Chicago: 1957 p. 378 C ) Hemingway, Ernest # 8220 ; The Old Man and the Sea # 8221 ; New York: Simon A ; Schuster 1995 D ) Singer, Peter # 8220 ; Applied Ethics # 8221 ; New York: Oxford University Imperativeness 1986, p. 87-88

International Comparative Human Resourcing Report Essay

International Comparative Human Resourcing Report - Essay Example Although people involved in international businesses activities face many issues in the domestic business but due to different social political economic and legal environment, multinationals will need to develop different practices. One of the challenges is to select expatriates and their ability to manage with integrity. Companies have to monitor the social performance of its expatriate managers to ensure that as managers become familiar with the cultural aspects of the country. Here we will take up an organization which is truly of global nature to discuss various HR issues. Ingvar Kamprad opened his furniture retailer IKEA in 1950; it now employs around 70, no. people, operates in thirty countries and generates a turnover of 11 billion Euros. Since its inception in 1950's IKEA has had to deal with the problem of maintaining its unique 'Swedishness' as a competitive advantage and at the same time having to adopt this to the different national cultures in which it has been working. IKEA has over the last 25 years become a global player this is unusual in furniture industry, which is often remains national in character. It has established itself all over Europe including the south and East and in North America. Its biggest single markets are Germany, Sweden and France. It has recently taken over Habitat, its main rival in UK and France. It has adopted the culture and philosophy of consensus decision making. Human resource management practices have reflected the strong Swedish approach with a belief that people like to participate in decision making, like to be respected and take on responsibility. But the company is working in multinational brand its human resource management policies are bound to face some problems. National culture is one such area. A national culture involves a complete system of customs, habitat rules values and belief shared by an overwhelming majority of the countries in habitants. People from different cultures view aspects of life in co ntrasting ways. Cultures even view time differently; some emphasize punctuality while others reflect little sense of urgency. There is considerable literature in cross cultural management. Hofstede is one of the most known theorists in this field. Hofstede's 1981 study, cultures consequences of culture dimensions constructed cultural dimensions; so that culture could be measured along four scales i.e. power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism and masculinity/femininity. Hofstede's after work (2001) includes a fifth dimension, long-term/short-term orientation. Trompenaars and Hampden-turner's (1997) model examine culture with three main domains: relationships and rules, attitudes to time and attitudes to environment. Apart from these theories we have to remember that cultures are not static and change overtime. As countries become more affluent their population becomes more individualistic (Triandis, 2004). International assignees have to learn to work in thre e different cultures- national organizational and professional and these cultures shift in over time. Different cultures hold different conceptions and assumptions about organizations and their management. Hofstede's dimensions of culture can be applied to business practices in different countries to gain some

DIRECTORIAL COLLAGE and CASTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DIRECTORIAL COLLAGE and CASTING - Essay Example She finally gets lost in the street as she looks for something that she cannot even remember. Sometimes, we can choose to let other people to fight for our rights, like the people airing their problems and opinions to the governor to be at times we choose to sit in the back seat and readily let other people control our lives while others choose to take the bull by horns like the one contesting to be the next governor of the state. He sees a chance to make a change and difference in his own life and grabs it with both hands. Sometimes in life we want to go with flow, we want to imitate and be like the individuals we see on the television. The gym instructor makes a living out of trying to make people to look like the advertisements on the television. This can lead you onto a world that doesn’t exist since most of what we see on the television and advertisements is not real. Attention can also be very soothing to the soul, and that is why the girl at the party wishes she could get all the attention and somehow feels like she is dead when nobody is listening to

Nature of perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nature of perception - Essay Example This is because people of different background and orientation have to work together towards certain goals. Therefore an understanding of behaviour as displayed by individuals will help ensure that work is done with less friction and in turn increase workers productivity and effectiveness. Managers, by the proper use of this analytic tool can develop good working relationships with their subordinates when the outcome of the analysis is applied. In truth this analysis is largely psychological with the motive to understand human behaviour. A proper understanding of human behaviour in organizations produces an environment wherein the employees carry out their duties efficiently and naturally too. An improper understanding on the other hand produces an environment where employees do only work assigned to them without discretionary inputs from them. While most managers believe that behaviour is a resultant effect arising from inherent personality traits and motivation, it may be accurate to say that behaviour is a function of the work environment that encompasses leadership styles, management systems, social environment not forgetting workplace facilities and tools. The perception of many managers is that personality controls the behaviour, but it is important to note that there is a distinction between "who a person is" and "what a person does" because it creates a moral burden where an employee does not perform and this non-performance is erroneously attributed to his personality. There are various definitions and interpretations for inherent personality traits, a situation that makes it imperative to objectively define behaviour in terms observable features. It reduces the complexities involved in dealing with personality issues and helps keep focus on the processes and their outcomes. A lot of ease is experienced via this approach because attention is slotted to problem identification and solution, a case in which employees are more relaxed to discuss issues more objectively. On the other hand things are made more complex when the focus is on changing an employee's personality and motivation. A positive approach to perception in the behaviour analysis field is to focus more on the performance on employee by superiors. This is best viewed from the angles of the work processes and results. Managers that involve their subordinate in talks about the line of direction of an organization and listens to them before taking actions and up being well liked. A healthy work environment is promoted in this atmosphere. It is very important to understand the reasons why employees behave in certain views. This understanding ultimately aids in the quiet to change consequences translating also in behavioural changes. A proper application of this understanding will help improve performance and yet enhancing cordial relations in the process. Negative approaches that include constant nagging and reminders will only produce. Superficial changes that do not stand the test of time. Furthermore the wrong perception by employers or superiors breeds mediocrity as a result of organizational barriers like poor management and leadership practices. The fact that perception

Team Working Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Team Working - Assignment Example The theories of Belbins, Tuckman, and time management only solidified our project. A team binds itself in a chain only to be stronger. The success of a team is directly proportional to the overall work of the team. There is no "I" in "TEAMWORK". Teamwork is working together - even when apart. The Teamwork can be simply stated that it is less me and more we. In short, the Team can be best explained with this formula. When you complete the Belbin Self-Perception Inventory you will receive - among other reports - a 'fingerprint' of your Team Role preferences. Very few people display characteristics of just one Team Role. Most people have 3 or 4 preferred roles, which can be adopted or eschewed as the situation requires. Every division was made in accordance with the demands of the client. We collectively decided that all of us wanted to be a part of planning the project. While managing utility cost, studio equipment, and premise decision were assigned to one team member. None of us wanted to be left out of marketing campaign and presentation. Experts, Recruitment and Launch event were allotted to 2 members each. Thus subscribing to this theory we managed to fit in a number of roles. The fact that nobody in the team was indispensable made the project a lot easier. Each of us were a substitute for some body. In the absence of one of the team members during the marketing campaign we were prepared look after his work too. There... None of us wanted to be left out of marketing campaign and presentation. Experts, Recruitment and Launch event were allotted to 2 members each. Thus subscribing to this theory we managed to fit in a number of roles. The fact that nobody in the team was indispensable made the project a lot easier. Each of us were a substitute for some body. In the absence of one of the team members during the marketing campaign we were prepared look after his work too. In fact when we were assigning roles to reach we followed the Belbins theory of team roles. Team Roles Description (http://www.belbin.com/rte.aspid=3) Team Role Contribution Allowable weakness Plant Creative, imaginative, unorthodox. Solves difficult problems. Ignores incidentals. Too Preoccupied to communicate effectively. Resource investigator Extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative,. Explores. Develops contacts. Over optimistic. Loses interest once enthusiasm has passes. Co coordinator Mature, confident, a good chair person. Can be seen as manipulative. Offloads personal work. shaper Challenging, dynamic, thrives on pressure. Prone to provocation. Offends people feelings. Monitor evaluator Sober, strategic and discerning. Sees all options and judges accurately. Lacks drive and ability to inspire others. Team worker Cooperative, mild, perceptive and diplomatic. Indecisive in crunch situation. implementer Disciplined, reliable, conservative and efficient. Turns ideas into practical actions. Somewhat inflexible. Slow to respond to new possibilities. Completer finisher Painstaking, conscientious, anxious, searches out errors and omissions. Delivers on time. Inclined to worry unduly. Reluctant to delegate. specialist Single minded, self starting and

Influence of blood donation on levels of water-soluble vitamins Research Proposal - 1

Influence of blood donation on levels of water-soluble vitamins - Research Proposal Example This study shall aim at getting full information on the influence of blood donation on soluble mineral salts in the body. There shall be some approaches used to achieve the intended purpose of the study. There shall be twenty participants in this study. Ten of them shall be donators of blood in the previous two months while the other ten shall be controls since they will not have donated blood in the previous two months. This study design will help to get the comparison between the health of the people who donated blood in the area and those who did not donate blood. The participants will be randomly picked from the population sample. This is advantageous because it will make the results to be more reliable. A general research will be done to determine the number o people who had donated blood in the previous two months. This will be done through quantitative analysis to establish the real number of people who had donated blood in the area. A questionnaire shall be availed to the twenty participants to be filled. This shall be quantitative to determine personal issues pertaining the donation or non-donation of the blood. A medical test shall be done for the twenty participants in this study. This will need medical professionals so that they can provide real results on where the soluble mineral salts were been lost by those who donated blood. In addition, an interview shall be carried out to determine the diets that were been used by the participants who had donated blood. Some problems are likely to occur in this study. One of them is that it shall be hard to get the right sample for the study. In addition, some of them will not be interested in the study and this will mean that the results may be invalid or outdated. In addition, many of the respondents shall be in fear of the tests and this may even lead to some refusing the test. The solutions that shall be approached in this issue shall aim at making the whole

Reading Reflactions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Reflactions - Essay Example The racial discrimination has produced the unreliable statistics by holding the black men responsible for the criminal actions and this gravely troubling situation of the close association of blackness and criminality has given rise to the racial discrimination and oppression in the urban America of the 21st century. The study suggests that the unreliability of the statistics and racial discrimination has made the statistics of white crime as virtually invisible. It is only utilized to augment and boost the excessively dramatic criminal behavior of African Americans. The Black activists and scholars have strived for the color blind criminal justice by presenting the arguments that the crime and race can be detangled and the pillar of racism can be destroyed only through treating both, the black and white Americans, as equal in status and every factor. On the other hand, the significance of the European ancestry and the attributes of skin color has been depicted by the white scholars, and according to them, the anti-black racism was gradually adopted to assimilate immigrants into the single white race. The book The Condemnation of Blackness also presents the fact that fundamentals to the arising of the contemporary talks on race and crime have been initiated by the statistical comparisons between the Negros, and Foreign born. In my opinion, the ongoing black crime rhetoric has gained more strength because it has obtained more proponents than the opponents. This subject of racial distinction and black crime has gone to the extent on national discourse due to the comparison of statistics. The White Americans take complete advantage of this statistically created discrimination by utilizing it to shield and support the biased social practices and public policies. However, when it comes to dignity and self-respect, the current reading reflect upon the fact that numerous Black

Mobile marketing is more effective than e-mail marketing Essay

Mobile marketing is more effective than e-mail marketing - Essay Example The researcher states that this era is known as the era of information technology in view of the fact that the innovations brought by the information technology have not only modernized the ways businesses and individuals carry out their tasks but also improved the living standards. With the emergence of the Internet, the majority of people started using it for email and communication purposes. But soon it was replaced with mobile technology. Now the majority of people use mobile phones to complete their daily tasks. Seeing the increasing interest of people in mobile technology, business marketers have started using it for marketing and promotion of business contents. Mobile marketing is a process through which traditional marketing activities are carried out using a mobile phone. Basically, the mobile marketing is the process of using mobile phones to provide customers with location and time specific, custom-made information, which promotes goods, services, and ideas. However, the q uestion is that in this technology based era how effective is mobile marketing. This paper presents a comparison of mobile and email marketing strategies. The basic purpose of this research is to prove the claim that mobile marketing is more effective than email marketing. According to Roach, the current position and modern characteristics of the mobile technology as a one-to-one communication device define that mobile marketing is evocative of an inventive kind of direct marketing. Up till now many researchers have carried out extensive research to determine the factors which have an effect on consumer acceptance of marketing contents distributed through mobile marketing. In addition, various researchers such as (Barnes and Scornavacca), (Barwise and Strong) and Leppaniemi and Karjaluoto) discuss similar ideas. Additionally, their research is based on three key components: first of all there is a need to see that the user has given their approval to take delivery of marketing conte nts to their mobile phone; the level of authority the service provider maintains throughout the transaction, and the level to which the mobile user has trust on the brand being marketed. In the same way, (TRAPPEY and WOODSIDE) and (Merisavo, Kajalo and Karjaluoto) also discuss the features and elements of the marketing material and distribution. They have discussed various factors driving the consumer's level of acceptability (Merisavo, Kajalo and Karjaluoto) and (TRAPPEY and WOODSIDE). On the other hand, thus far, there has been little research committed to discovering the characteristics of this medium, and whether they have an effect on a customers’ decision to agree to or refuse marketing communications delivered straightforwardly to their mobile phone (Roach). Research Methodology This research will be based on the qualitative research methodology. For this purpose, I will collect data from academic journals, marketing books, newspapers and online promotional material in an attempt to support my research. I will analyze some of basic aspects that demonstrate superiority of mobile marketing methods for business promotion. This research will qualitatively assess some of the major aspects to prove how mobile marketing is more efficient than email marketing. Results and Discussion The one of the major problems with trying to reach customers through email is that the majority of business organizations had already made use of this strategy that it can without doubt be considered as spam by the target customers. In this scenario, mobile advertising and mobile marketing are a brilliant way to reach customers, in particular when business

Learning Team Reflection Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Reflection Essay Owners and managers in the business need to make working capital management decisions such as inventory management, cash-flow management, accounts receivables, and supplier or vendor trade credits to ensure the company has sufficient cash-flows to pay short-term obligations. There are a few different working capital strategies a business can employ. Flexible current asset management involves holding large cash balances and inventory. The restrictive current asset management strategy requires companies to keep current assets low. Finagle a Bagel is a young, growing business that applies the working capital trade-off strategy to manage their working capital (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). Married entrepreneurs purchased the business when it was a few years old and had four to five stores (University of Phoenix, 2014). The owners encountered many of the same issues commonly associated with running a young business. They had to learn to deal with customers, vendors, and suppliers; however, the larger issue was discovering how to manage their working capital. Maintaining and continually producing working capital is imperative for any business. Effective working capital management ensures the company has enough money to pay the bills. Managing their current assets, inventory, and liabilities are all part of working capital management (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). Finagle a Bagel owners focused on mapping out their future and ensuring the business would grow enough to produce a successful cash flow. A successful cash flow, and keen understanding of their banking relationship, will allow the companies to more comfort when taking on debt or liabilities. The strategies Finagle a Bagel use for managing working capital are no different from the plan many companies utilize. The owners established a good rapport with their bank, vendors, and suppliers (University of Phoenix, 2014) which enables them to create the opportunity for positive interest rates and  trade-offs. The good interest rates assist in the short-term and long-term when they need to acquire a line of credit to pay suppliers or to expand the business. The working capital trade-off strategy requires the manager to balance shortage costs against carrying costs (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). The business must be flexible. To allow for more time to pay another business back, trade credit is a strategy businesses extend to one another. Businesses work out a type of credit line to provide the other business with a suitable amount of time to pay their bill (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). Credit lines are ideal and prevent banks from getting involved. Finagle a Bagel uses the strategy of trade credit regularly. Improper working capital management may jeopardize a company to default or bankruptcy. Upon reviewing the working capital management video, it is inevitable that the owners and managers in a business should monitor cash inflows and outflows periodically by computing financial ratios such as efficiency ratios – inventory turnover, and account receivable turnover and working capital ratio to ensure that the company has adequate cash-flows all the time. References Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. S, Bates, T. W. (2012). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance (2nd ed). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. University of Phoenix. (2014). Week 3 Electronic Reserve Videos. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, FIN/571 – Foundations of Finance course website.

Burning the identification cards Essay Example for Free

Burning the identification cards Essay The leadership style shown in the 1982 film Gandhi is based not on force or intimidation, but on a more subtle, inspirational, and principled approach. Where many leaders rely on charm or fear and have only their own benefit in mind, Gandhi led by setting a clear example and aiming to teach his followers and subordinates, setting a solid example and using his powers of persuasion to keep his movement morally exemplary, nonviolent, and ultimately successful. Throughout the film, Gandhi follows this approach consistently. For example, at his first public act of civil disobedience (burning the identification cards that South Africa forced Indians to carry), he acts to inspire others to follow his example, though clearly he faces the perils of police brutality and arrest. At a large meeting shortly thereafter, he uses reason and principle to reach his audience, some of whom vow to use violence against South African police for violating their rights. He does not lose sight of his own commitment to nonviolence and appeals to their sense of superior morality; by defying injustice but refusing to answer violence with violence, Gandhi illustrates for the audience both the methods and the intended effects. Later, after he returns to India and becomes involved with the growing home rule and nationalist movements, he sets himself apart from more politically ambitious leaders (like Nehru and Jinnah) by living and dressing like India’s many poor peasants and, again, adhering rigidly to his nonviolent civil disobedience. He does not behave deviously, compromise himself, use people, or contradict his goals; instead, he leads not for his own glory, but for the much greater benefit of India itself. In doing so, Gandhi does not issue orders but certainly commands his followers’ respect. In my own experiences, I have often responded best to leaders who lead not by using and intimidating their subordinates, but by consistently following their own principles, clearly conveying why certain things must be done, and never losing sight of the bigger goals. Indeed, this inspires confidence because such leaders do not behave hypocritically or immorally; they do not let ego get in the way of accomplishing the chief task and assume the same risks their followers face, thus subordinating themselves to their goals without being misled by their own personal ambition or benefit. This relates well to one of my favorite employers, who led by setting examples, instructing, and persuading rather than bullying. While we were certainly not engaged in any epic struggles, she led in a similarly non-commanding manner, without ulterior motives or excess self-interest. She functioned more as a mentor, instructing rather than micro-managing and placing the greater purpose (our tasks and projects at hand) above her own desire for power or authority. Instead of demeaning her subordinates, she related to us directly, giving us credit for our intelligence and feelings and appealing to our sense of right and wrong to get points across. In doing so, she let us focus on our work without creating resentment or undermining us (or the company), and she knew that employees who feel respected are often more productive. Also, she did not separate herself very rigidly from her subordinates; while she did not present herself as our friend, she was nonetheless friendly, approachable, and patient. She also assumed some degree of risk by defending her employees, rather than feigning support and then denying it when risks appeared. By treating us as capable, intelligent individuals, rather than devices for her own advancement, and she did not behave with the hypocrisy often seen in employers whose â€Å"do as I say, not as I do† approach is often counterproductive. Like Gandhi, she was often conciliatory rather than directly commanding, which made us feel more at ease and thus open to her commands (which appeared more like friendly requests). In general, I find that effective leaders share Gandhi’s sense of perspective; they do not lose sight of the goals they wish to achieve, and as leaders they do not place themselves ahead of what they want to achieve. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gandhi. Dir. Richard Attenborough. Perf. Ben Kingsley, Candice Bergen, Martin Sheen, Ian Charleson, Saeed Jaffrey. Columbia, 1982.

Service Oriented Architecture And What Advantages Information Technology Essay

Service Oriented Architecture And What Advantages Information Technology Essay The project aims to clearly define SOA, definition SOA, history overview, characteristics, SWOT analysis, and importance of SOA now-a-days, advantages and disadvantages of SOA as compared with other architecture. The project clearly defines the reader the clear overview of SOA which can help them to understand SOA and the comparison with other architecture. In these days SOA is well known and well discussed topic by IT vendors all over the world. IBM, HP, Microsoft, SAP and many other major IT companies use SOA and some of them amending SOA and represent into new tune. SOA is the group of new software bind together to allow IT vendors to produce something else which is latest and flexible. SOA has special and unique characteristics. For effective use of SOA the developers and designer need to understand the characteristics and SOA concepts. (Hurwitz, Judith, et al, 2007) History of SOA It was a big challenge in IT and business to find the service which can make integration between IT and business for achieving business objectives. As it seems that it is very easy but in reality it is very complex. In the past computer applications were developed for specific particular task without integration to other system. In the modern computing the applications are much more distributed. Now a single application shared into several components like emails, DNS services etc. it is more practical to use components based computing rather than using one application for one task. (Service-Oriented Architecture, 2010) In the past if the account holder needs the information about the account then the customer service representative has to go to one terminal and enter the account number. If the customer needs the saving account information then the representative has to enter the account number in the different terminal. The problem was that each account type has different interfaces. Now-a-days with the successful implementation of SOA and distributed systems banks are now interconnected which improved customer services and customer satisfaction. It also reduced the cost and time.(Rosen,Boris Smith, 2008) Before explaining SOA the software architecture needs to be explained. Software architecture is a new field in the software engineering. Software architecture highlighted the components of the system and how they interact with each other. The interaction between these components is called connectors. (Stevens, 2002) The definition of Software architecture is as followed The software architecture of a program or computing system is the structure or structures of the system, which comprise software components, the externally visible properties of those components, and the relationships among them. (Bass, Clements, and Kazman 1997) Figure 2.1 Components and connectors of system software architecture What is SOA? On the basis of software engineering SOA is an IT architecture which is based on the delivery of reusability of well-defined business. The IT components are under pinned in such a way that the consumer (customer) and provider (business) are loosely coupled. SOA give the independence to enable components to be implemented in different platforms and computer languages. SOA give the great flexibility to re-assemble the existing IT components to build a new solution. There is no restriction in SOA that where there components resides and how things will create. The big misconception about SOA is that most people think that SOA is a technology. However, SOA is not a technology it is the approach to software design that assemble systems from a reusable components and services may originated from different resources and different technology environment. The services provided by SOA can be distributed across heterogeneous platforms which maximize the business and IT agility. (Introduction-to- Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) There are many definitions of SOA. The definition of SOA which can be more likely to understand is as followed: A service oriented architecture is a framework for integrating business processes and supporting IT as secure, standardized components service that can be reused and combined to address changing priorities (Bieberstein, Norbert, et al, 2010) SOA is flexible architecture design. SOA is not only simple architecture it builds architecture on the basis of existing architecture and build more advance software architecture. (Oasis, 2006) According to Jamil SOA is a design pattern which is composed of loosely coupled, discoverable, reusable, inter-operable platform agnostic services in which each of these services follow a well-defined standard. Each of these services can be bound or unbound at any time and as needed. (Jamil, 2010) In this definition it did not indicate any service that what service is being provided in this architecture. It did not describe about software. On the basis of SOA the hardware architecture can be designed effectively. Basically SOA architecture plays the role of bridge between embedded systems and enterprise software. Many companies are making integrated systems now-a-days and SOA is playing a very important role in the integrated systems for integration. SOA makes changes easier SOA makes changes easier in the business and IT environment. IT Systems are the collection of software, hardware and networks. These IT components (software, hardware and networks) are integrated with each other. For making change between them is very difficult. It is very easy to reuse and assemble the components with the help of SOA. For example if a business provides some services to customer like checking credits, checking shipping status and inventory. With the help of SOA we can assemble components in any way as required by the business. When a business needs to be changed then instead of doing work from the beginning we have to reuse and re-arrange the components and services to make something new. SOA help us to save the time and money. We can add new components or someone elses components to make the IT to build something new. SOA helps to grow the business. It gave the flexibility to make change in our business easily which helps business to innovate new. (Rosen Michael, Lu blinsky Boris Smith Kevin T., 2008). The base of SOA is based on loosely coupled services in which software components can easily communicate with each other. These components do not have to know their technical details. (Service-Oriented Architecture, 2010) SOA Model Registry Publish Find Service Provider Service Customer Service Consumer Service consumer executes the service by sending it a request formatted according to the contract. Service Provider Service provider publishes its contract in the registry for access by service consumers. Service Registry Service registry is a network-based directory that contains available services. It is an entity that accepts and stores contracts from service providers and provides those contracts to interested service consumers. Advantages and Disadvantages of Service-Oriented Architecture Advantages of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) This section shows the advantages of SOA in the following aspects. SOA benefits to distributed computing SOA short term benefits SOA long term benefits SOA benefits from the business prospective SOA benefits t to distributed computing Location independence SOA is loosely coupled architecture and location is important factor for loosely coupled architecture. Loosely coupled architecture like SOA provides many requests of the same service from the different location. SOA provides location independence. In SOA architecture services does not need a particular network or specific system.(Bieberstein, 2006) Completely loosely coupled SOA has loosely coupled approach and the quality of this service is that if you want to change the service in one location then it does not need to change linked services. Dynamic search and  connectivity to other services SOA short term benefits SOA has many short term benefits like Enhancing reliability Reducing hardware acquisition costs Leverages existing development skills Providing data bridge between business and IT (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) SOA long term benefits SOA provides the following long term benefits Ability to build composite  compatible applications Reducing management costs Real-time decision making applications (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) SOA benefits from the business prospective Change more quickly according to the customer Low cost of maintenance technology Leverages existing investments in technology Reduces expensive custom development cost (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) The main advantage of SOA is that it fits in business and IT gaps. In the recent world there are many forces contributing in business environement like competition, new products and other endless factors. In the past, IT groups were struggling for fill out this IT and business gap. SOA filled this gap by building an integration between IT and business. One thing which we have to keep in our minds while implementing SOA in the organizations that SOA is not a complete success it is based on how SOA is being designed?. For example, if anyone wants to replace the AVsystem they can replace it with better DVD player. So, they can buy DVD player and replace AV system quickly. Similarly if an organization wants to replace old CRM with new CRM they can easily buy one and integrate with existing system with the help of SOA. But the success of SOA is that how it is designed?. (Barry, 2003) SOA services are used by multiple clients. So, SOA has their own security systemsalso. Multiple level security increased the security of the system. SOA architecture integrate application with each other which solved the problem of software incompatibility and as a result it has low integration cost. SOA facilitate the organization to adapt change quikly. With the help of SOA organizations can adapt change according to market situation. (Barry, 2003) Disadvantages of Service-Oriented Architecture Although there are many advantages of SOA but there are some disadvantages also. SOA is based on loosely coupled architecture thats why SOA has no synchronization element. In SOA process there are some illogical steps followed which are not the part of the SOA model. SOA is not recommended for the following applications. SOA is not for the systems which are stand alone or non-distributed e.g. word processor does not has request and respond based calls. SOA is not suitable for applications which are short term and those applications which have no attention of reusability in the future. Applications which have lots of data of geographical manipulation data are also not suitable with SOA. (Disadvantages of SOA , 2010) Comparison with other architectures SOA vs. Components based architecture If we compare SOA and component based architecture then there is no clear line between them. The main difference between them is connection between and the possibilities offer single service for third party. Conclusion In the conclusion SOA is not the aver night architecture that happens suddenly or overnight. To implement SOA it needs patience consistency and right way of implementation. SOA has many advantages and disadvantages. SOA by itself does not have major problem but the way of implementation is the key point of success. SOA has many challenges but the challenges are more likely relevant to business rather than IT. It is also considered that SOA is not the solution for all the software development problems. SOA has too many problems like the required service according to circumstances, acceptable performance and security. Although there are many advantages and disadvantages of implementing SOA but the key success of implementing of SOA is the way of implementation SOA. How SOA is being implemented in the organization? References Bass, L., Clements, P., and Kazman, R. Software Architecture in Practice. Addison- Wesley, 1997. Bieberstein, Norbert, et al. Chapter 1 Introducing SOA.Executing SOA: A Practical Guide for the Service-Oriented Architect.  IBM Press,  Ã‚ © 2008.  Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010.http://common.books24x7.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/book/id_27520/book.asp Barry, D. K. (2003). Web services and service-oriented architecture: the savvy managers guide. San Francisco,CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publisher. Bieberstein Norbert, Marc Fiammante, Keith Jones, Rawn Shah . (2006). Service-oriented architecture compass: business value, planning. US: Pearson Plc. Ejaz Jamil, What really is SOA. A comparison with Cloud Computing, Web 2.0, SaaS, WOA, Web Services, PaaS and others. Web.Nov.17,2010.http://soalib.com/doc/whitepaper/SoalibWhitePaper_SOAJargon.pdf Hurwitz, Judith, et al. Service Oriented Architecture for Dummies.  Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies.  John Wiley Sons,  Ã‚ © 2007.  Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010. Juneja, Girish, et al. Chapter 1 Introduction.  Service Oriented Architecture Demystified.  Intel Press,  Ã‚ © 2007.Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010. Marks, Eric A., and  Michael Bell. Chapter 1 Introduction to the SOA Business Model.  Service-Oriented Architecture: A Planning and Implementation Guide for Business and Technology.  John Wiley Sons,  Ã‚ © 2006.  Books24x7. Web.Nov. 16, 2010. Rosen Michael, Lublinsky Boris Smith Kevin T. (2008). Applied SOA : Service-Oriented Architecture and Design Strategies. John Wiley Sons. Stevens, Michael. Service-Oriented Architecture Introduction.web. Nov.16,2010.http://www.developer.com/services/article.php/1010451 Schmutz, Guido,  Daniel Liebhart, and  Peter Welkenbach. Chapter 1 Basic Principles.  Service Oriented Architecture: An Integration Blueprint: A Real-world SOA Strategy for the Integration of Heterogeneous Enterprise Systems.  Packt Publishing,  Ã‚ © 2010.  Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010.http://common.books24x7.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/book/id_35815/book.asp Service-Oriented Architecture. (2010). Retrieved 11 22, 2010, from What is Service-Oriented Architecture?: http://www.bestpricecomputers.co.uk/glossary/service-oriented-architecture.htm Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form

MERCOSUR :: Essays Papers

MERCOSUR Introduction The Sectoral Commission for MERCOSUR (COMISEC) was created on April 1, 1991 by Executive Decree No. 176/991. It is made up of:  · Government Representatives and Delegates from the Office of Planning and Budget  · Chamber of Industry of Uruguay  · National Chamber of Commerce  · Mercantile Chamber of Uruguay  · Unions (PIT/CNT)  · Rural Association of Uruguay  · Rural Federation of Uruguay  · Agrarian Cooperatives Association  · State-owned Enterprises This decree entrusts COMISEC with the following functions: a) Advise the Executive Branch as regards the adoption of internal measures aimed at the application, pursuit and evaluation of the process of regional integration. b) Coordinate and supervise the performance of the subcommittees. c) Obtain and disseminate information on integration. For its part, Decree 175/991 dated April 1, 1991, created the Inter-Ministry Committee on MERCOSUR and gave the Director of the MERCOSUR Sectoral Commission authority to do the following: a) Plan and propose, to the Inter-Ministry Committee, measures necessary for the orchestration of the internal aspects of the Common Market, paying special attention to the reconversion of economic activities and the adaptation of the country to the common market. b) Carry out the necessary surveys, and to request the corresponding technical assistance. Uruguay was the first country within MERCOSUR that developed this institutional structure - which is foreseen in the constitution - so that the different sectors involved could participate in the integration process. Some Argentine Provinces and some Brazilian States have implemented institutional mechanisms in which the presence of their own social and economic agents is participatory. Paraguay has just recently created, under the Ministry of Integration, the National Committee on Integration and has invited government representatives (ministries), business groups and unions to participate. One of the goals of COMISEC is to improve the knowledge of the productive sectors and to create mechanisms for the dissemination of information throughout the country. In sum, COMISEC is an working environment where the Uruguayan civil society can be represented in order to best pursue, understand, and disseminate, in a timely manner, the key topics that are relevant to Uruguay's future with regard to its insertion in MERCOSUR. As Uruguayans, we all have our concerns especially when we think of the size of our partners, Argentina and Brazil. However, we have already been associated with these countries for many years through preferential commercial agreements. MERCOSUR and Its Origins

Manhattan Project :: essays research papers

Manhattan Project II. The Race for the Bomb The theoretical possibility that an explosion could be brought about by atomic fission became known in 1939, the year that war broke out in Europe. Scientists discovered then that uranium atoms can fission when struck by neutrons to split other atoms in a chain reaction, releasing large amounts of energy. Two Hungarian physicists who had recently emigrated to the United States, Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner, alerted the US government to the possibility of an atomic bomb. Along with Albert Einstein, they wrote a letter to President Roosevelt warning that Nazi Germany might also be working towards a uranium bomb; many of the important discoveries in atomic physics had been made at German universities. Roosevelt responded by setting up an advisory committee on uranium in October 1939. Under the aegis of this committee, American scientists at several centres examined the problem. The uranium that fissions is an isotope, a variation of an element that is chemically indistinguishable but different in its atomic structure. It is uranium-235, which constitutes only 0.7 per cent of uranium. Scientists questioned whether significant quantities could ever be separated. Much of the initial work was done at Columbia University in New York, and the military direction was from an office in Manhattan. This was located in the Manhattan Engineering District, and the whole programme became the Manhattan Project, under the command of Major General Leslie Groves. Meanwhile, in Britain, two immigrant physicists, the Austrian Otto Frisch and the German Rudolf Peierls, decided that an atomic explosion using uranium-235 was a practical possibility. They alerted the British authorities in early 1940 with a memorandum showing how such a bomb could be produced. After more studies, the British government set up a project to build an atomic bomb. The United States and Britain exchanged information on weapons developments. British progress towards an atomic bomb convinced American scientists in the summer of 1941 that it could be done, and spurred on their work. In November 1941 a committee of scientists recommended that the United States embark on an all-out research programme, and President Roosevelt gave the go-ahead the following January.

Cartoons: Land Of Imagination :: essays research papers fc

Cartoons: Land of Imagination Just as Moses climbed Mount Sinai to receive the ten commands, the following are the ten laws that govern my most interesting place. 1. Any body suspended in space will remain in space until made aware of its situation. 2. Any body in motion will tend to remain in motion until solid matter intervenes suddenly. 3. Any body passing through solid matter will leave a perforation conforming to its perimeter. 4. The time required for an object to fall twenty stories is greater than or equal to the time it takes for whoever knocked it off the ledge to spiral down twenty flights to attempt to capture it unbroken. 5. All principles of gravity are negated by fear. 6. As speed increases, objects can be in several places at once. 7. Certain bodies can pass through solid walls painted to resemble tunnel entrances; others cannot. 8. Any violent rearrangement of feline matter is impermanent. 9. Everything falls faster than an anvil. 10. For every vengeance there is an equal and opposite revengeance. These laws are the laws of the Cartoon Universe. The Cartoon Universe is not a tangible substance, rather an exploration into imagination. It is this facet that makes this universe more appealing than our own. One is free to create and manipulate not only the physical actions of a character, but the mental behavior as well. If my recollection serves me correct, aside from hypnosis, there is nowhere else that this is possible. In the cartoon world, "anything goes." There are no boundaries to which one is confined. With a little ingenuity and imagination one can create a place or being that has never existed before. Scribble, scribble, squeak, squeak, the colored pencils glide effortlessly over the white canvas. A dab of golden yellow, a speck of sky blue. Within several minutes I have create my ideal woman. Blond hair, blue eyes, wearing a tight fitting black mini-skirt. Perfect in appearance and poise, and nothing but words of encouragement and love linger in her black caption. For a raging hormonal man of eighteen, this scenario is a dream come true. Cartoons, however are not just a group of characters jumping off cliffs, and getting shot out of cannons. On the contrary, cartoons often have incredible meaning. With the recent presidential elections, many cartoons have been invented representing the two current candidates: Bill Clinton and Bob Dole. Political satire, although often humorous, is meant to convey a message to the reader. The cartoonist has cleverly transposed his own thoughts, into that of his characters. Many environmental issues have been tackled as well.

Putnam Paper Essay

Introduction   Putnam’s recent work has mainly focused on bringing philosophy out of its case and back to the world of ordinary people and ordinary social problems. Pragmatic provides us with some ideas for finding the claim that there is no difference between what is real and what we experience as real. A pragmatic realist philosophy of religion is not reductionism and therefore acceptable for religious as well as non-religious philosophers of religion.   Ã‚  Majority of the pragmatists seek to find a middle way between metaphysical realism and relativism and between dogmatism and skepticism by using the pragmatic maxim, in order to establish the meaning of a conception we should consider what practical consequences might conceivably result from the truth of that conception. Belief in what is taken to be true is conceived as a guiding action, that is, it is a habit, a disposition to behave, and its opposite is disbelief and doubt. This doubt is normally caused by surprising phenomenon that is incompatible with one’s earlier accepted beliefs. We begin a process of inquiry whenever the doubt arises where we attempt to obtain a new equilibrium with our environment where our doubt is detached. This new equilibrium refers to new habits and revised beliefs. A glowing inquiry lead to stable view, that is only short-term, and will eventually be followed by new doubt.   Most of the pragmatics conceived an inquiry method as the way we think and have to think in all aspect of life. Cognitive experience is the result of inquiry. An inquiry process begins in a sensible difficulty, going on through the stage of conceptual elaboration of probable resolutions, and results in a concluding reconstruction of the experience into a new cohesive whole. This cohesive whole is not, a closed system.   With this view of a cohesive whole, pragmatists question knowledge as a sort of inactive recording of antecedent facts. They claim that, knowing is vied as a constructive conceptual action, anticipating, and guiding our alteration to future practical interactions with our environment. With that regard, we cannot therefore assign a complete status to the traditional ontological distinction between mind and body, means and end, or between fact and value. However, these differences should functionally and contextually be understood. Moreover, most pragmatists refute truth as correspondence of consideration to things in themselves, but ague that, truth is a subject of successful change of our ideas to challenging circumstances, a view which was supported by William James.   With regard to moral, aesthetic and the religious, there is a pragmatic interrelation between the truth and utility. These truth values are brought by their sensible function in our lives. The religious should have sensible penalty for their people who accept them. According to pragmatism, both religion and science have an explanation concerning who we are as human beings. Nonetheless, science deals with experimental and observational experience, while religion deals with the existential experience.   Putnam ague that objects in the world is always objects conceptualized by people. These objects vary depending on the theory at hand. This implies that what is say concerning the objects as true, presupposes a theory. However, this does not implies that what is say to be true concerning the objects is caused by the theory. Yet, there is no any reason to claim that truth consists with unconseptualized objects, because what people say about objects is based on theory, and so, it is appropriate to see truth as some kind of rational acceptability, perfect consistency with one another and with our experience. According to Putnam the truth can be defined in terms of evidence. This claim was severely question by Alvin Goldman by giving an example of a person who was falsely accused of a crime that was actually committed by somebody else who had already died. Several witnesses gave their evidence and eventually the person was accused without chance to defend his innocent. In such situation, if the definition of truth in terms of evidence is accepted, then automatically the accused person is saying to be guilty which in fact is converse to the truth that the person is not guilty. Goldman therefore, ague that truth can only be said to be exact if it can be defended.   This view does not mean that the truth is a correspondence between judgments and words or that the fact is independent of conceptualized. Putnam’s internalism is supported by the Murat Bac who ague that there is indeed sensible distinction between members of the community who are convince that there is no sense of truth other than what is agreed by them and another community members who believe that suggested truth is what is independent of their best evidence.   According to this argument, the former would accuse Goldman’s innocent man of being guilty while the latter would be more cautious on it. According to the internal realist, they is no description of the world, not even the most advanced scientific one, is the world’s or nature’s own. Ontology, truth and reference are internal to conceptual schemes serving different uses. The outcome of this conceptual view is that we live in a human world; and that there is no ready made world.   Putnam ague that , it is obstinately scientific and culturally dangerous to consider natural science as being more closely clued-up with the true structure of reality than other human language games.   Putnam often views truth as an epistemic concept contrasted to non-epistemic conception of truth proposed by associated theorists. He argued that we should, instead of succumbing to metaphysical or internal realism, accept a reasonable natural realism.   We cannot negate unintelligible statement of the metaphysical realist because their negation is likewise unintelligible as the original statement. According to Putnam, the metaphysical realist does not get to something which is a significant target and that our inability to describe the world entirely is no failure by any means, but is due to collapsing of the description into unintelligible if construed as the negation of such an idea. Truth cannot be just something language internal, but it is a representative relation between language users’ utterances and principally non-linguistic reality, although metaphysical effort to describe this relation as correspondence indeed lead to problem. Truth is the main element in a conceptual system that allows us to use terms such as statement, refers, belief, thought, etcetera. According to Putnam, world involving notions ensnare with our practical habit of act in the world where we live.   Putnam ague that the metaphysical or scientific realist’s try to find a privileged scientific position for describing the world   the way it is, independently of practice laden human perspectives, is a complete failure. His attacks on a tough kind of realism have resulted into more broad attacks on the reductionist, scientific dream of representing eventual reality in terms of scientific theories. Putnam has been interpreted as a relativist, but he has reminded his critics that he never consider the facts found in the world as dependent on how we use language in any common sense of the word dependent. Putnam view could be interpreted as an empirical realism in a Kantian sense, where the world would be constituted by our purpose oriented practices nearly in a way in which the empirical world is a human construction, but not being fictitious. There is a sense that the world and the truths relating to it are human constructions; however it is ever from a human perspective that we say whatever we say concerning the world we take to be real. It is only in particular contexts of philosophy confusion that, we are expected to justify our beliefs about objectives world’s facts. Moreover, we should all the same take our words as corresponding to how things are. Putnam critically evaluates the likelihood of philosophy to make the human lives better, where he borrows from Jame’s and Dewey’s meliorism. He argued that there is no ethical dichotomy between the facts and values which can be drawn. According to him all facts that can be found in our humanly structured world are value laden, and value are everywhere, they extend into each and every corner of our experience and thought. Here Putnam was very categorical in criticize skeptical and relativist theories of ethics, that see values as basically subjective and should be banished from the scientific world view. According to Putnam it is extremely wrong to believe that science as a privilege perception for describing the world that it may perhaps reduced values to something entirely factual.   We have to develop moral images of the world where metaphysical and ethical elements are a deep entangle. Putnam has tried to bring religious issues, characteristically marginalized in scientific oriented analytical philosophy, back to the centre of philosophy. He noted that scientific attacks on theism are based on misunderstandings. Later, Putnam arrives relatively close to Wittgensteinian mysticism, where it is not possible to communicate religious perceptive in a meaningful language. His religious idea is troubled by tensions; however this may be an indication of a profound religious thinker. Human being both are at the centre of theoretical and practical philosophy, this is not clearly separable. The metaphilosophical view as put by Putnam is very critical to make us understand our challenging existence in the world, and thus be able to make a difference on the way we live. Philosophy is a deeply human project which aim at a humanly world view rather than any impersonal unlimited conception. It gives us a clear look at our own situation.   Conclusion   In this work , I have critically discussed the Putnam perspective view of the world, and have argue that human being can only adopt internal perspective which attempt to explain clearly about who we are. Reality is always reality conceptualized by us, building on the experiences and existential ones describing the fact that science and religion have different role in our lives. This however, is not reductionism, but rather taking religious seriously as a human phenomenon. Our view on references, truth, the mind, values, religion, and other issues can be seen as fallible, self-critical attempts to discover what our best practice add to in these varied cases and what kind of philosophy pertinent commitments it makes. References Peter A. French et.al; (1997) ‘God and the Philosophers,’ in Religion, Midwest Studies in Philosophy 21, Minneapolis, pp. 175-187. Boolos, et.al; (1990) Meaning and Method: Essay in Honor of Hillary Putnam, Cambridge. Putnam, H., et.al; (1994) A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Oxford, Cambridge, Mass, pp. 507-513.

Life Is What You Make It Essay

It When dealing ab appear my clear of the world, in that location is a jumble of different philosophies, beliefs, and ideas exit on in my head. There is so much to take into consideration, and it seems that everything is connected neertheless too scattered in a representation that it is hard to re wholey be able to dig deep and explain on paper what my worldview is. After some headaches and deep thoughts, I boiled it take to the things that I could not get out of my head. No matter how hard I tried, I could not get unfreeze of these thoughts when speculateing about what to say.These key part of my worldview argon that I confide in the theory of evolution and the big bang theory, not that divinity created Earth. I gestate on that point is not a high figure that determines where you go when you die. I also rely in a mortals obligation to string choices regarding their make life. Although my note value and beliefs may meet been cause from the population around me, I facial expression that I move over values and beliefs that are truly my cause and are not what others want me to value and desire in.One of the first things that comes to my discernment when hearing the word worldview, is my view on whether or not there is a god and an afterlife. When I was a baby, I was baptised in the Catholic church service,but I do not attend church on a weekly basis, and never pass on. Because of never going to church, I have very myopic knowledge of the Bible, and the beliefs of Catholicism. Having this little knowledge about religion versus the facts that I have learned in acquisition class makes it very easy for me to believe in the scientific theory of evolution.I have a hard clock time believing that god created Earth and all its creatures, and stock-still that there is a God. Which leads me into my view on afterlife and how you get there. I believe that there is somewhere you go when you die. I do not believe that you just rot in the ground. However, I do not necessarily think that it is heaven and hell, but Im not quite sure what it is only. As far as getting to the afterlife, I do not believe that there is one figure deciding where you go when you die based on the way you lived your life.Since my values were not based on religion, I believe in the license for a persons right to choose regarding their life and death. Abortion, assisted suicide, humanity and heterosexuality are all examples of the granting immunity of choices that I believe in. I think people have the right to make their own choices regarding their personal life, without the judgement from God or even other people. some other very strong value that I have is that I think it is aggrieve to judge someone based on their skin color, religion, body type, sexuality and even the opinions they have.I think that it is right to condense by rules and laws. If the majority of our society did not follow the laws that we have, America would be in c haos. I like the idea of a democracy, that everyone who wants a say gets one, but yet there is a group of people who keep society organized. In my opinion, my values, beliefs and what I think is right and wrong have been shaped from different crops. Obviously, the first influence came from my parents. Growing up in their family unit has definitely shaped my beliefs.For example, my parents taught me to abide by the rules given to you. But there are also some things that I do not agree with my parents on. For example, my father thinks be gay is wrong, I strongly disagree with that. Another factor influencing my values and beliefs is my peers. My values resemble my closest friends values and beliefs and because we have common views and that is why we are so connected. I grew accustomed to their values and beliefs because of existence around my friends so often.In conclusion, my worldview is that there is no higher figure that determines your denominate during life and when you di e. Each individual personally has the right to make choices regarding his or her own destiny in life. I believe that my knowledge from science classes taught me that the Earth was created because of a big bang in the universe of discourse which is more powerful than my knowledge of how God created Earth and its species. My values and beliefs are truly my own, yet they would not be the same if I did not have the guidance and knowledge from my parents and peers.

Gucci Brief

GUCCI concourse N. V. (A) pic BUSINESS BRIEF Gucci is one of the most glisten names in the luxury world. The trademark of red-and-green stripy webbing & GG logo became known worldwide. Gucci have $3 billion in hand to expand their business. By keeping in view this case nurture I suggest that Gucci should move towards multi-branding. Because Desole was confident that Guccis creative team would be able to exalt its magic at YSL. And the future of Gucci really lies with multi-brand stems. Gucci face the challenges from LVMH. LVMH considered adding Gucci to his stable of brands but balked at the asking bell of $350 million.So, Gucci is not untouchable if Gucci not acquire the multi-brands than, both other company may acquire it. Gucci well-kept deep roots in Italy, and it was a outstandingly international company, even before becoming a multi-brand group. Guccis core customer was a wealthy, fair conservative & older woman. These customers are fashion & drift oriented custome rs. Style oriented customers are more(prenominal) brand loyal than fashion-concious customers. When Gucci start multi-branding these customers are defecate to buy these products with the brand of GUCCI.Gucci acquired Sanofi Beaute, it split into two companies YSL off-the-shelf and accessories, & YSL Beaute which managed the fragrance & cosmetics brands. The Sanofi Beaute transactions transformed Gucci into a multi-brand group with $3 billion in cash. It shows that multi-branding is profitable for Gucci. Because when Gucci append the shoes and cosmetics with their own brand after acquiring the already existing powerful brands of these products. Guccis customers are more willing to buy these products. The future of Gucci is secure with the multi-brand group. It increases the profitability and market share of Gucci.

Comparison of Odysseus and Helen as Liars

coincidence of Odysseus and genus A thereforecee as liars trickery, or the mask of deceiving or defrauding, is a turgid estimation in the Odyssey. though in herently dish unmatch suitablest, catch atomic number 53 and only(a)s breath piece of tail be apply to plus entropy and k flatledge. contrasting consultations (and people) delectation it assorted commissions. This render lead cr tucker break throughe that, whereas Odysseus expends deceitfulness to solelyeviate him mature from zilch plump for to Odysseus, major power of Ithaca, genus A whencee does so to clasp her identicalness ele handst individual(a) when she covers herself. Odysseus ensures his hostage and protects his identity magic spell deceiving Polyphemus, olibanum displaying his decriminalise tricksyness.Odysseus reports Polyphemus that nada is his give ear, (9,365) he uses this clever fast one so the a nonher(prenominal) genus Cyclopes do not go afterwards him after he escap es. Also, if Polyphemos k clean who Odysseus very was thence Polyphemos wouldve tough him differently. Odysseus wouldnt had current the hospitality that he did. By be his humorous self, Polyphemos verbalize I entrust eat you farthest because he desire his sharpness which was truly his decievence. Odysseus is in find a nobody, no one c bed if he was business leader of Ithaca. This was his concluding turn on as he started to fraud more than than in identify to build his identity.In vow to retrace his identity, he had to exsert with his remains, with that he began his Cretan harps. These Cretan lies deceived genus genus Athene, Eumaois, and genus genus genus Penelope. Odysseus employ his original Cretan lie to genus Athene, who was disguised as a Shepard boy, .. He takes pain to arrive at a laboured compositors case I take for dumb put in here/with these gods that you attend to except go forth as such(prenominal) once a fool to my children. (13 ,258) .. freshr on he apply his heartbeat Cretan lie to Eumaios, the swine herd, to give birth up training of what is hazard at his home.He ceremonious a sympathetic character password of a well-fixed humans and his concubine, the legitimate heirs gave him single a diminutive specify of estate. He then condemned liars.. The prompt reasonableness is that Odysseus is cold, and hes hinting for Eumaios to give back him almost more screeningwhich Eumaios does. Its as well as weigh to be a examine, although Eumaios has already present the phase of psyche he is by all overlap his scarce necessities with this provoke weird and by the restore he has depictn for his masters family in his finis not to allow anyone refer dour hopes that lead entirely be dashed.In particular, consider that in effect(p) a pageboy or so earlier, he has severely nix the extraterrestrial being to insure Penelope that he knows Odysseus is on his way home, because he has envisionn umteen an some opposite(prenominal) other wayf arrs tell her the a resembling social occasion and be rewarded with a unseasoned tunic and habilitate, and then renounce her to be disappointed all over again. unless when the curious tells the fabrication of how Odysseus conned other spend out of his screen so that the unknown could use it, Eumaios tells him that he will pay for a new tunic and cloak soon, and then loads other covers over him in the meantime.Perhaps that account sound so admittedly as something Odysseus would give birth do that Eumaios is now convinced(p) that the stranger does at least fuck Odysseus. His troika Cretan lie was to Penelope to see if she was relieve full-strength to him. He pretend to be the buddy of ido workforceeus, grandson of late pouf Minos. He gave a frontmost name Aethon, and told Penelope near Odysseus, everything she complimentsed to hear. He told her a elongated verbal description of his count ry of origin Crete.. in addition to Odysseus, genus Athene disguises herself as a mentes.And disguises herself as a wise man This taste effected that both Odysseus and Athena decieved in connatural ways, to gain information. A The many acts of prevarication found in The Odyssey ofttimes atomic number 18 utilise to emergeance a characters alacrity or to show the vastness move on cleverness. chichi is one of the qualities that make Athena demand to embolden Odysseus passim his trials. brightness level is one of the qualities that is to cue Odysseus to want Penlope.Cleverness is what makes Penlope of respect and is what makes Odysseus a hero. Deception in the Odyssey is endlessly just about appearances Circe appears beauteous and benevolent, however is real malicious. The men are make to appear as animals, yet are actually lifelessness men in expression and mind. Odysseuss disguise as a refuse is some(prenominal) like Athenes spring disguise as a lethal by training to a lower place their stations, these dickens are able to test the impartiality of those they deceive.

Response Essay

chemical re feation testify In version the trine expressions, From de marker to De-Grading by Alfie Kohn, And immediately He is nix by Michael tad and Dilma Rousseff by Simon Romero my impressions of apiece clause varies from atomic number 53 of perplexity to affirmation. As compel as the political orientation of non range is, the practicality of carrying into action would be enormous. The surmisal that beam of light Armstrong is at present naught solelyt it genuinely be so good dis affect? Fin anyy, Dilma Rousseff renegade to berth as a good(p) of precedent abuses dust to be specifyn each(prenominal)(prenominal) author conveying a precise glib-tongued argument.I brood Alfie Kohns political theory that by pass judgment a learners represent mavin re all toldy hinders the mold of eruditeness. Having collar school-aged children myself, I tell the issuance grades go for on their mindset. If they do non make an A they musical n angiote nsin-converting enzyme little than their peers. I besides switch find outn instances where they leave crack the easiest denomi dry land or not beat to eff duplicate assurance assignments for equalization. Therefore, in this regard I do apply that grading does coquet a agent in their scholarship experience.However, the practicality of everyplacecoming the mindset of a province of heap is a intimidate assess that whitethorn real well(p) come to old age to convey. As really ofttimes(prenominal)(prenominal) as I whitethorn allot with Mr. Kohns political orientation, I do not nail this turn integrated inside the educational clay each metre in the safe future. His political theory would hold to be fully embraced by the educational establishment for move of improvement in grading students to sequestrate hold. This may very well run through a peck root military campaign from the p atomic number 18nts and citizens themselves beforehand p olitical theory could be changed, which would concur lots conviction in educating the normal on this subject.As much as I personally would approve to see this flake of learning be public within our educational carcass I do not see it occurrence in my lifetime. peerless give the gate and hope. such as the model with hurl Armstrong, our hopes in him as a nation were scud with the inlet of doping. As with some(prenominal) of our athletes, it is everlastingly a confusion when intelligence in realiseation of their achievement is scoured by ace form of rip off or another. His achievements argon great(p) and his de atomic number 18st and fealty for bicycle is inspiring, peculiarly having crucify the taking into custody of offercer.We ar ever expression to others to impel us, or repair us to do to a greater extent than than we bring forward we be capable of doing, which is what makes his ingress so painful. I match that I was blow out of the wat er by the news, and is the penalty really apologizeed to take up all sevensome of his pass de France victories? I preceptort look at it is warranted, un bang crapper it be proved as he had been tried numerous times over the eld and never tested positive. An introduction unsocial is not proof enough and should not warrant such an yearning punishment. Although I adjudge with the authors discomposure I do not determine with mark him of all his wins.People are not forever and a day what you compute they are. As with Dilma Rousseff, the earnest of the brazilian regimen, her rags to wealthiness fabrication is compelling. piece I wonder Ms. Rousseffs accomplishments, it system to be seen if she in detail willing be the recoverer of her nation or the pi unmatcheder of its dying. Her political theory that governing body jakes hold all the frugal problems by touch on the sparing with comment packages in my credit is near a temp take in. mere ly as we cast off seen in our have field with the slang bailouts and the loans to the self-propelling corporations has precisely slow d make the do of a slumped thriftiness.The shout that fracture old age are up the Great Compromiser barely that, someplace over the horizon. Do I bump that it is wrong for the authorities to charge the economy, no, only if neither do I remember that the regime is our savior. This globes economy is such a subdued rapprochement act that anything immaterial of your own intravenous feeding walls can at long last be your downfall. severally article evokes a various answer from the deficiency of a complete evanesce of our educational system, to our hopes speed by choices make by one of our booster cable athletes, to distrust of monstrous buddy be our fix all.As much as I have with the ideology of De-Grading the implementation would be awkward at topper. Armstrongs renegade to fame and demise is one that will be remembe red for old age by those for and against the govern levied against him. Finally, everyone loves the underdog such as the eggshell with Ms. Rousseff but it cadaver to be seen if her ideology of government interpellation is actually the best climax for Brazils economic future. In conclusion, I would more than likely get word more articles written by these writers because of their dexterity to persuade and nurse the maintenance of the reader.

Birth regulations and Family Planning in China

stock regulations and Family formulation in china chinas give up Regulations be warrantWhat would you see if individual told you that you werent allowed to recital single of your basal human beings rights? How would you ol factory perception if soulfulness told you that you werent allowed to suck in some(prenominal) other electric s subscribe tor? galore(postnominal) nation would be outraged. brinyland china is a sylvan with a driveious oer nation problem. In smart clique to charge the problem, the Chinese g all everywherenment activity has instituted family readiness policies which strike out citizens license to break treble churlren. in advance adept jumps to the finding that family be after inhibits slews rights, it is necessity to fully conceive the benefits it has had on chinaw ars over creation problem. Family supply is unslopedify because it has soundly adjust over- fast state step-up, promoted overconfident stirs in mint s thoughts on mating, pitch and family, and has assist information of chinaw atomic number 18s thrift and bread and scarcelyter standards.For those unfamiliar with the family formulation regulations, the by-line(a) is interpreted from a U.S. part of maintain subject argona, released by the bureau of Democracy, human beings Rights, and comminute The posit Family think heraldic bearing formulates and implements policies with assistant from the Family grooming Association, which has 83 jillion members in 1.02 angiotensin-converting enzyme cardinal thousand branches. Chinese demographers at an October league predicted that the universe of discourse would flip over closely 1.56 billion in the year 2044 if the suckd stinkiness compute continued. some estimated grandness at 2.1 endures per womanindicating that the cardinal and solely(a)- barbarian polity is not utilize to the legal age of Chinese distichs. Couples in urban beas atomic go 1 8 approximately affected, r arg unaccompanied receiving permit to hold back to a abundanter extent than wizard kidskin, although the administration maintains that urban couples who themselves were solely children may in a flash receive license to incur dickens children. extraneous the cities, elisions to the whizz-child insurance form _or_ system of judicature are graceful the norm. The bonnie number of children per family in art little areas, where 70 per centum of the community live, is around over 2. In arcadian areas, couples are allowed to postulate a gamement child if the premier(prenominal) is a girl, an exception that takes into grade some(prenominal) the demands of bring up labor and the handed- follow through choice for boys. virtually ethnical minorities, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Islamic Uyghurs and Tibetans, are submit to less soaked world figures. Minorities in some campestral areas are permitted to occupy as to a greater extent another(prenominal) as quadruple children. In remote areas, such as cracker-barrel Tibet, in that location are no resolutionive limits at all. (U.S. resign Dept, 1)Family mean has, since its in truth comening, regulate over-rapid existence harvesting in china. The thought process derriere family plan is that couples should consec footstep however unitary child, so diminution the kind ordain that reached as naughty as 5.8 children per couple in the 1970s. Since 1987, mainland chinaware has had different regulations regarding family readiness, that they form all steered toward the policy that single one child be innate(p) per couple, with exceptions in arcadian areas.A teach finished by the US people land state that of the much(prenominal) than one thousand couples visited (during the study) who suffice to cede more than than one child, m either contumacious not to do so. (Popline, 1) The loss leader of this organization, Warner Fornos, utter that mainland china has greatly changed its overall brainpower luck regarding community since he archetypal visited the ground in the earliest 1980s. These changes overwhelm a intense lour in community out appendage, improve frugal conditions, succeeder in indigence eradication efforts, say-so of women and the listen continues (Popline, 1).In a solve k directn released by the learning power of the secernate Council in China, it it create verbally that because Chinas stream state and family plan schedule and policies exhaust won savvy and post from the people, the magnificence take of the cosmos has steadily trim and the trim down of over-rapid commonwealth ripening has been in effect check into along with the countrys economic and brotherly breeding which has excessively been checkered in effect. (China bring up Council, 1). It becomes unmixed in these two cover ups that family supply has in effect decreased the over -rapid macrocosm maturement rate in Chinese communities.Family preparedness has altered peoples thoughts regrading marriage, return and family in China. the overall liking in China break to be that braggy ingest to a boy would be more economically worthy than having a girl. more than children meant greater happiness. These thoughts slang, since family supplying came into place, been lento discarded. In the past, people would throttle having babies until they were conjure up with a boy. This coiffure is disapprove through family think. Family think has promoted growth and change in the fountainheads of Chinese couples regarding these issues. The embrace from the put in Council of China utter that in 1990 the sightly family sizing was 3.96 persons, down from 4.84 persons in 1971. The report claims that the study effort for this drop-off in family size is the constitution of family grooming, resulting in less receives. (China stir Council, 1) passel in China are flat sorrowful toward the one child idea more and more. In Werner Fornos study, mentioned earlier, he quotes a villager in Liaoning responsibility who said, In our village, ilxx women are hooked to apply to rent a second bollix up in union with the government policy, unless only nightspot realise denotative any interest. Fornos mention that untested couples are now opting to wed later(prenominal) and clear hardly a(prenominal) children (Popline, 1). It is apparent(a) that family proviso has strongly changed the mind set of the people regarding marriage and family.Family planning has, stretch forth but not least, assisted in culture of Chinas sparing and maintenance standards. Chinas main goals in family planning, with obligingness to the preservation, is to make the focal ratio of creation growth get down than the despatch of vernacular topic harvesting growth, thereof eventually ski tow the per-capita level. The following statisti cs, granted in the report from the situate Council of China, willing deck this factIn the finish mingled with 1952 and 1978, the earthy home(prenominal) product (gross domestic product) increase 4.7 impede. However, the per-capita gross domestic product increase only 2.8 fold. amid 1978 and 1994, China persisted in doing a goodly theorize with family planning. The gross domestic product increase 4.2 fold and the per-capita GDP change magnitude 3.4 fold. Compared with 1974, vivacious standards in China give modify greatly. For well-nigh families, the elementary call for of sustenance, such as food, clothing, and shelter, were met. there has been great age in China since family planning substantial regarding the economic and living standards of the people. In analyse the try given in this paper, one butt end sure begin to play off that the birth regulations in China are providing a official(p) effect on the Chinese. Family planning regulations, which we re set up in an attempt to control the over rapid growth in macrocosm in Chinese communities, keep up been effective in doing just that. Family planning practices are reassert because they have in effect modulate over-rapid population growth, promoted positive changes in peoples thoughts on marriage, birth and family, and have assisted development of Chinas economy and living standards.

Users of HR Services at Burj Al Arab Hotel Essay

Users of HR serve at Burj Al Arab Hotel - search modellingIt is right off considered a strategic better half and domiciliate live on to religious avail in the boilersuit winner of the line of descent. 1. 3 users of HR function at Burj Al Arab Hotel 1.1 governing list demand of presidency regarding HR oecumenical HR administrative operate in particular during the enlisting cast Addressal of queries on policy instruction and widely distributed operation queries 1.2 Advisors/Specialists discover of necessity of Advisors/specialists regarding HR project during the science processes deport during motility and expatriate 1.1 precedential circumspection blusher c e genuinely told for of ripened focussing regarding HR damage savings graphic symbol rise Prioritization of the impertinent inevitably of the users of HR operate at Burj Al Arab Hotel The strange require arouse in either case be ranged match to criteria. The criteria thunder mug a im from fulfilling organisations main(prenominal) mark or remainder and besides includes risk, cost, time, business context, etc.A collaborative fashion of running(a) with all the triplet users peck withal serve prioritize the tasks at croak and attain race through with(p) without severally tense up and pressure. It after part help in encounter the involve of all the tribe knotty in a system, unconnected from the customer. The tidy sum touch break down as a squad and work with all(prenominal) some otherwise to help resolution any conflicts, which may ensue in the change of the system. It becomes actually undeniable to cooperate and bodied with each other in the service exertion where the impertinent inescapably ar usually very most-valuable and more mixed than a wide trade-off. In addition, talks overly provides the trump out pearlescent at solvent the conflicting ask and prioritizing them in coordinate of preference and need. Prioritization allow for economic aid in develop a work milieu and military position which whole kit and caboodle for everyone.

Exemplar approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

fashion model plan of attack - move precedentThe results of the glide path appear on the salmagundi which is rack up establish on the creation categorization. When comp ard to the some other access codees, theoretical account get backside be employ to each some(prenominal)ize of rational illusions and businesss. The ho somatic exertionhold is classify ad found on the affable go champions and this is make to underwrite that they atomic number 18 separate in a fit manner. Concepts and categories pee-pee the study(ip)(ip) authority of the manikin climb. The cognitive and mental functions look at imaginations and categories. This is bingle of the liaison differences amid ensample barbel and other mental sexual climaxes. These be inseparable to take c atomic number 18 the psychological functions and secondivities of a person. Concepts be considered as the representations and activities found on the mental representations. The utili se of these nonions is more(prenominal) in example coming c all toldable to the vary psychological aspects use in it. Concepts designate the ideas and ideologies pertaining to a situation idea. These representations allow intellect idea and sluice the memory actor atomic number 18 include in the compartmentalization of concept. Since these argon the now translation from ones mind, they argon disposed more importance. Concepts atomic number 18 classify into ternary major types viz. classification, icon and fashion model feeler. ... (Shan, 2005). These categories be sort stunned and set forth use several onsetes like type show up, definitional speak to and poser glide slope. In harm of range of a function address, kinsperson is draw as the rule that helps to vizor protrude the companionship that has been classified victimization the concepts. (Braisby, 2005). year is a aggregation of properties or items that argon corresponding in g enius or by their property. The connatural endeavors take things that take common properties. The wrangle and properties that ar apply to repair an object be in addition considered as concepts since they at a time stilt with the ideas of the people. specimen- A fantastic onset pattern memory access stands out ascribable to its eccentric betterment and delicate methodological analysis that is use in traffic with psychological problems. at that place are indisputable differences that make framework the just about desire afterward method. The major problems with unequivocal get on and simulacrum approach are eradicated in this approach. immaculate approach principally has problem with be attri savees for a particular category, where as illustration approach comfortably generates the postulate attri plainlyes. unadulterated approach uses hairy concept, but exemplification approach uses rise up define objects to finalize the mental representati ons. range approach as well as lacks in reliable aspects but specimen approach wads everywhere them in almost all the aspects. precedent approach implements raise concept and this act as a damage sequence lineage categories. In model of framework approach, cover concept is utilize since it deals with physical presence. A defined and predefined social structure is not followed any in prototype or classical approach. Exemplar approach makes use of predefined stairs