Relaxing & Energizing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Relaxing & Energizing - Case Study Example George has no idea why his energy level is so different from practices to races, but he sees this problem as a major obstacle to developing as a runner and performing to his potential. Cindy Frederickson, George’s coach thinks he needs to develop relaxation and energization skills needed to control his arousal during practice and competition. Based on your knowledge of both relaxation and energization, answer the following four questions that relate to developing and implementing these critical mental training tools. Explain the rationale for your answers thoroughly, citing important information from the book and lectures. Your rationale will count as much as your actual response. 1. What mental training tool should George use to lower his arousal level when he gets nervous? Relaxation is the ability to decrease unwanted muscular tension, reduce excessive activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and calm the mind by eliminating unwanted thoughts. a. How about raising his psych level when he’s unmotivated for practice? Energization is the ability to arouse the body by increasing muscular strength and power, stimulate the activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and invigorate the mind with energizing thoughts. 2. What is the difference between relaxation and energization? Relaxation is to help you lower your arousal. Energization is to help you increase arousal. Between Total Relaxation/ Energization and Rapid Relaxation? Total takes more time. How can George use each? When he is overly anxious he should use relaxation. When he is lethargic he should use

Literature review on competitive advantage Essay

Literature review on competitive advantage - Essay Example The concept of competitive advantage has evolved over the past few decades and has now become an integral part of strategic management of any organization. Much research has been conducted on the attainment of competitive advantage and effective ways to sustain it. This literature review aims to explain the concept of competitive advantage in the light of different authors, along with their proposals of effective strategies to sustain it. Few examples have been chosen from the available literature to highlight the practical implementation of the concepts of competitive advantage. 2. Literature Review The concept of competitive advantage was introduced in the study of strategic management by Ansoff (1965). His ideas and propositions are known to form the basis of vital aspects of the development of growth strategy of any organization. Lowy and Hood (2004) quoted Ansoff (1965) and stated that his extensive experience and research in the field of diversification planning, highlighted re levant aspects and issues that should be considered for an effective growth strategy. Hindle (2008) also discussed the contributions of Ansoff and stated that some of the valuable contributions of Ansoff’s work in the field of strategic management are related to the attainment of competitive advantage and core competencies. Priemand and Butler (2001) pointed out that Ansoff’s work seemed to stress on the relevance of industry-based factors (threats and opportunities) more than the resource-based ones (weaknesses and strengths). Dix and Mathews (2002) provided a basis of strategy formulation and explained the attainment of competitive advantage; he stated that the development of strategic decisions involve the analysis of the core competencies and resources of the company. Prahalad and Hamel (2003) also considered the identification of core competencies as an important aspect of competitive advantage. The core competencies, that are unique and distinguishing from the co mpetitors, can serve to become the competitive advantage if they are availed in the presence of good opportunities in the market. The concept of competitive advantage was further researched upon by Porter (1998). Porter explained the formulation of a competitive strategy as the broad plan of how businesses should compete in the market (in the presence of various environmental factors) to meet their goals. It also involves the policies according to which goals and objectives of the organization can be met. Porter also stated that competitive advantage can be explained as the combination of having low expenses, differentiation value for the company and a strategy that enables the company to focus on their main objectives. Porter (1998) accumulated all the aspects that might be related to the attainment of competitive advantage onto a single page. He described it as the ‘Wheel of Competitive Strategy’. The underlying bases of the strategy are the basic goals that are aspir ed to be achieved by the company and the vision which is set as the main direction of the company. Various aspects on the rim of the wheel, like marketing, product line, finance and control etc have to be considered to attain competitive advantage in the market, while being influenced by the main vision of the company.

Communication Is Vital For Human Survival English Language Essay

Communication Is Vital For Human Survival English Language Essay Communications can be said as the most vital element for the humans life. Well obviously, without knowing the proper ways of communications techniques, how are we supposed to share or exchange thoughts, feelings, ideas, emotions or information without causing any sorts of interruption or trouble? Even animals communicate with each other in its elaborate ways! In order to archive a successful communications, we have to get ourselves crystal clear in what is professional communications all about. Well luckily, I am learning Professional Communications, which is very essential to ones life as it could take me one step closer to be a successful person. Communications must be intended to convey a message. Some messages, such as poetry or quotes, may not be intended to a specific party and may be simply for the enjoyment of the creator to share his messages. So there may be no intended receiver. A message is usually both transmitted and received. The process goes like this, the sender conceives the message, encodes the message and selects the most suitable medium, and the receiver then decodes the message, interprets the message and sends the feedback back to the sender. Therefore there will always be a transmitter in a communication. It is important for us to convey a message in the very best medium so that the receiver will get it with ease. If you chose a bad and weak medium, the message would turn out to be a different meaning, though, it will create an unjust misunderstanding in that specific message. For example, our broadcast radio or the webcam at home, there might be a reception problem; hence, some messages may not reach th e listener properly who does not understand the messages being delivered. Therefore, we have to choose the most suitable medium such as conversation between face-to-face, e-mails or via the telephone. The ability to communicate is special but it is often taken for granted and it is not always used to the greatest advantage. Failure to communicate a message would end up to a hectic result. Lets say the sender has wrongly conceived the message, encoded the message in a wrong tone language, and chosen the wrong medium, thus the receiver would receive the message that has been interpreted wrongly, and the sender will either receive the feedback interpreted wrongly as well or will not receive the feedback at all! We communicate in couple of ways, consider which medium is appropriate. There are two types of communication, verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Verbal communication is divided to two media of communication, oral and written communication. Oral communication, that is communication by word of mouth, simply means the use of speech. Some of the types of conversations of oral communication being used in society are face-to-face, telephone conversation, speeches, interviews, meetings, video conference, teleconference, voice chat over internet and public speaking. Oral communication can be used mostly in any circumstances. Lets say Ive been given a task to do a presentation, in order to present a persuasive oral presentation, I would highlight the strongest points first. And I would vary the pace, speak up, use the appropriate words, stand upright, and most importantly establish eye contact with the receiver that could be a group of people or audience. Even the salesmen that are trying to sell the goods, they would talk confidently and keep a strong eye contact with the customers to persuade them. Written communication, which could be email, letters, reports, advertisements, facsimile, notes, minutes, articles or memos, is writing the words which we want to communicate. One of the main advantages of using writing communications is that we can edit the message before we send it to the receiver. Good written communications is quite essential for business purposes. The most common forms of written communications are letter and office memo. Nonverbal communications is transmitting messages non verbally intentionally or unintentionally. Examples of non verbal communications are hand gestures, posture, face expressions, body language and eye contact. Non verbal communications can be done without speaking, such as pointing the finger. The sender illustrates the message by his/her body language and the receiver would get the message intended. Clothing, hairstyles and bodily characteristics can also be clarified as non verbal communications. Lets say we see a group of people wearing a same design of t-shirts, our mind will automatically tell that they are in one group that set themselves apart from others in the form of clothing. Another example, a person with tattoo on his arm could also give us the message about his/her personality traits. Non verbal can be unconscious, for instance, lets say we have come for an agreement with ones statement, hence we will say yes and unconsciously we would nod our head and smile as well! We must be constantly alert that there are advantages and disadvantages with different methods of communications. Oral communication has its advantages of, direct medium, instant feedback from the receiver, easier to persuade, participation of all present and instant exchange of opinions. Disadvantages of oral communication are, disputes can arise, often no written record hence cheating can happen and difficult to control a large amount of people. Advantages of written communication are, can be edited before sending it to the receiver, can be duplicated for future reference or evidence, can give out complex ideas and provides written record. Disadvantages of written communication are, problems with interpretation, difficult to modify once sent, can be costly and lastly it takes time. Non verbal has its advantages of, added interactive visual, provides simulations of situations, strengthen oral communication and list out the ideas in number form. Disadvantages of non verbal communicat ion are difficulties in interpretation without written or spoken word, can be expensive and sometimes the message will not be sent correctly. There are some barriers in communications such as, age barrier, gender, physical, emotional, language, cultural, listening, skills and stress barrier. If we want to transmit a message successfully from the sender to the receiver, we must eliminate all types of barriers. Learning professional communications also thought me about negotiations and how to attend an interview in a professional manner. Well negotiations are basically about communications. Realise or not, we negotiate everyday for all sorts of thing. A good negotiator is one who knows when to use the negotiating styles and not one who strives to gain maximum profit. We have to learn all the 4 types of negotiating styles so that we would know what to use, how to use and when to use it that depends on different circumstances. The four types of negotiating styles are, competing, which means maximum profit, minimum relationship; cooperating, which means profit plus, maximum relationship; withdrawing, which means zero profit, minimum relationship; and lastly, compromising, which means less profit and maximum relationship. Making a big impact on the interviewer on how well we are prepared to answer the interviewer questions is one of the main things. We have to impress the interviewer that we ar e the right person they are looking for. In order to do that, we have to do a research on that company and get to know about the history of it, dress smartly, bring all along the certificates and have a sufficient sleep and healthy food. The delivery of ones outlook and the passion would persuade the interviewer to employ us. In conclusion, I would thank Mr. Warren for teaching me the importance and the true meaning of professional communications. It will definitely benefit not only me, but the whole bunch of students in the future.

Pornography and Feminism :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Pornography and Feminism    It is constantly surrounding us. It cannot be evaded. Pornography is an initial part of the entertainment mainstream. Whether it is in magazines, or in music, pornography is gender-prejudiced. The word pornography can be defined as the depiction of erotic behavior intended to cause sexual excitement.    Degrasion towards women is its only accomplishment. The poses they take and the acts they perform are all part of the discrimination that women face . The only thing pornography offers is negative effects on women. Pornography, whether on a page, in music, or on screen, is degrading to all females. Magazines, posters, and other materials portray women as something less than human. A women in Florida argued that she was harassed by her male co-workers who put up graphically sexual posters and calendars, some showing women being abused. Among the offensive materials was a poster with a frontal view of a nude women with a dehumanizing USDA choice printed on it. Also , a teacher in Canada asked the Ontario Human Rights Commission to order the removal of pornographic magazines from convenience stores on the grounds that they create a hostile environment for women. Even Playboy and Penthouse , two of the more popular menà ¾s magazines that actually contain insightful articles on current i ssues or events, degrade women. Psychologist Marty Mckay says that the only way to protect womenà ¾s rights is to prohibit the sale of skin magazines in corner stores. Men are not put into the same portion, and there in lies the discrimination. When speaking of pornography in action, X- rated videos are the first thing that comes to mind. A shop in downtown Toronto that sells dirty movies and frightening looking sex toys has Ultra Great Sex tapes for less than $25.30. One scene contains two men performing simultaneous anal and vaginal intercourse on one women. The obscenity law found in subsection 8 of section 163 in Canadaà ¾s Criminal Code says that a work is absence and illegal if one of its dominant characteristics involves the undue exploitation of sex. A Canada court created three rankings for obscenity. The first, any materials that mixes explicit sex and violence , or include children. The second, works that involves explicit sex and degradation that encourage violence or harm toward women. Finally, other sexual explicit materials is permissible because the obscenity law cannot à ¾inhibit the celebration of human sexuality.

My First Experience in College

Glass Castle The Glass Castle was written by the author, Jeanette Walls and she is also the protagonist of the book. The book tells the story of Jeanette Walls and her family life. It shows how they basically struggled day in and out like being short on food and money, they always moved around the country just to find a place to settle in. Jeanette Walls and her family mostly lived in various mining towns on the west coast of America.As Jeannette grew up in the desert, she enchanted by the limitless bounds of nature and the fantasies her father dreams up for her and her siblings. When Jeanette lived in the desert with her brother (Brian), she usually stacked up a rock collection and explored the natural and man-made features of the environment. Due to Rex Alcoholism, life in the desert ended because the family ran out of funds. So from the desert, they decided to relocate to Welch where Rex grew up.One thing I mostly knew about the Walls family was that their parents were both addict ed to substances that could kill, their father was addicted to alcohol while their mum was so addicted to sugar and it lead to them not paying attention to their children. On my academic research, the article I researched was on alcoholism and it basically said alcohol consumption, particularly heavier drinking is an important risk factor many health problems and, thus, is a major contributor to the global burden of disease.When it comes to Rex, the head of the Walls family, he tends to focus more drinking than his family which led to him being terribly poor. However, life in Welch, West Virginia is completely different than the life the Walls led in the desert on the West coast. Most notably, Welch has a winter season which brings new challenges to the Walls family. From their arrival, the Wells children are itching to leave Welch and return to the desert. But eventually circumstances become so bad that they realize they must move away from their parents in order to achieve stable lives.Lori and Jeannette set their sights on New York and begin saving money to move out of Welch once and for all. Moreover, Walls describes in fascinating detail what it was to be a child in this family, from the embarrassing (wearing shoes held together with safety pins; using markers to color her skin in an effort to camouflage holes in her pants) to the horrific (being told, after a creepy uncle pleasured himself in close proximity, that sexual assault is a crime of perception; and being pimped by er father at a bar). Though Walls has well earned the right to complain, at no point does she play the victim. In fact, Walls’ removed, nonjudgmental stance is initially startling, since many of the circumstances she describes could be categorized as abusive (and unquestioningly neglectful). But on the contrary, Walls respects her parents’ knack for making hardships feel like adventures and her love for them–despite their overwhelming self-absorption–resona tes from cover to cover.Eventually the siblings all end up relocating from Welch to New York in an attempt to be liberated from the stifling environment in Welch. For a time everyone is settled and living independently until Rex and Rose Mary show up in Manhattan in a van. After just a short while, the couple ends up poor and homeless once again and despite their efforts, the children are unable to take on the burden of hosting their parents anymore.Consequently, Rose Mary and Rex become squatters in abandoned apartments until Rex dies after having a heart attack. To Conclude, Jeannette has finally reconciled her past and present and no longer feels the need to hide behind lies or half-truths. In my perspective, I feel Glass Castle has thought me a lesson and that is to take life serious not for a mere joke and that is why Rex died through ignoring the clean aspect of life. The memoir liberates her and allows her to do what she enjoys most about writing; communicate with the world.

Philippine Constitution †Article Iii Essay

Article III Bill of rights – declaration and enumeration of a person’s right and privileges which the Constitution is designed to protect against violations Basis: social importance accorded to the individual in a democratic or republican state Classes of rights 1) Natural rights – right possessed by every citizen without being granted by the State for they are given to man by God Ex. Right to life, right to liability, right to property, right to love 2) Constitutional right – rights which are conferred and protected by the Constitution; cannot be taken away 3) Statutory rights – rights which are provided by laws promulgated by the law-making body and may be abolished by the same body Ex. Right to receive a minimum wage, right to adopt a child Classification of constitutional rights 1) Political rights – rights of the citizens which give them the power to participate 2) Civil rights – rights which the law will enforce at the instance of private individuals for the purpose of their happiness 3) Social and economic rights – rights which are intended to insure the well-being and economic security of the individual 4) Rights of the accused – civil right intended for the protection of a person accused of any crime State authority and individual freedom 1) State, an instrument to promote both individual and social welfare – promote the happiness and welfare of both the individual and the group Liberty – blessing without which life is a misery Doctrine of laissez faire – â€Å"let people do as they choose† 2) Conflict between individual rights and group welfare – State as an instrument to enable both the individual and society together to attain their greater happiness 3) Balancing of individual and group rights and interests – there can be no absolute power and absolute liberty 4) Role of the Judiciary – balancing the interests of the individual and group welfare in the adjudication of disputes that is fair and just Supreme Court – arbiters of the limits of governmental powers Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws Due process of law – a person may be deprived by the State of his life, liberty, or property provided due process of law is observed; a fundamental principle of fairness in all legal matters, both civil and criminal, especially in the courts. Aspects of due process of law (has two-fold process) 1) Procedural due process – method or manner by which the law is enforced 2) Substantive due process – law should be â€Å"fair, reasonable, and just† Procedural due process 1) In judicial proceedings It requires: a) Impartial court b) Jurisdiction lawfully acquired over the person of the defendant c) Opportunity to be heard given the defendant d) Judgement to be rendered after lawful hearing 2) In administrative proceedings – an offender may be arrested pending the filing of charges or an officer/employee may be suspended pending an investigation for violation Substantive due process 1) Tax which is imposed for a private purpose constitutes a taking of property without due process as it is beyond the authority of the legislature to levy. The reason is that tax can be imposed only for a public purpose. â€Å"Ability to pay principle† 2) Taking of property for private use offends substantive due process. Persons protected – all persons within the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines Life – something more than mere animal Liberty – right of man to use his faculties with which he has been endowed by his Creator as long as he does not violate the law or the rights of others Property – the right over a thing What constitutes deprivation 1) Deprivation of life – extinction of human existence and various physical and mental attributes 2) Deprivation of liberty – unreasonable restriction on the liberty of others 3) Deprivation of property – property’s value is destroyed or impaired Meaning of equal protection of the laws * all persons subject to legislation should be treated alike * prohibits â€Å"class legislation† (discriminates against some and favors others) Reasonable classification permitted * Persons/properties may be grouped into classes No denial of the protection where under the law- a) Foreign corporations are made to pay higher amount of taxes b) Certain professions are limited to persons of the ‘male’ sex c) Certain privileges for leaves to women are not extended to men d) Preference is given to Filipino citizens in the lease of public market stalls e) Different professions are taxed at different amounts f) Employment of children is prohibited Sec 2. Right of the people to be secure shall be inviolable; no warrant shall issue except determined personally by the judge Search Warrant – order in writing, signed by a judge; search for certain personal Property Warrant of arrest – a person is taken into custody Scope of protection 1) Persons – protection applies to everybody 2) Houses – the protection is not limited to houses but extends to a garage, warehouse, shop†¦ 3) Papers and effect – sealed letters and packages When search and seizure unreasonable – purely judicial question Requisites for valid search warrant or warrant of arrest 1) Issued upon probable cause 2) Probable cause must be determined personally by the judge 3) Probable cause must be made after examination 4) Warrant must particularly describe the place to be searched or persons/things to be seized Probable cause – there is a good reason for believing that the law has been broken or a crime has been committed Sufficiency of affidavit upon which warrant is based 1) Test of sufficiency affidavit – perjury could be charge for damages caused in case his declaration are found to be false 2) Basis of affidavit – must be based on personal knowledge or information Sufficiency of description 1) Place 2) Person – â€Å"John Doe† or â€Å"Jane Doe† (person is unknown) 3) Property – must be specific General warrant – not particularly describe the things to be seized Rights against unreasonable search and seizure, personal 1) Proper party to invoke right – the seizure can be contested only by the party whose personal rights were involved 2) Right subject to waiver – without proper search warrant, no public official has the right to enter the premises of another When search and seizure may be made without warrant 1) Where there is waiver 2) Search is incident to a lawful arrest 3) Forfeited goods are being transported to a verhicle 4) Articles prohibited by law is open to eye and hand When arrest may be made without warrant 1) Had committed 2) Is committing 3) Will be committing Sec 3. Privacy of communication shall be inviolable; evidence in violation shall be forbidden Right of privacy – right to be left alone Basis and purpose of the right 1) Right existing in the state of nature – person’s inherent right to enjoy his private life 2) Right designed to secure enjoyment of one’s private life – accorded protection to secure the enjoyment by a person of his private life Relationship with right against unreasonable searches and seizures 1) Aspect of right to be secure in one’s person – constitutional provision on the right of privacy implements the security of the citizen 2) Privacy of communication and correspondence Limitations on the right of privacy of communictions 1) Permissible interference – allowed interfering on privacy Conditions: a) Upon lawful order of the court b) Public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law 2) Intervention of the court First limitation: issued search warrant Second limitation: right is subject to the police power of the State Evidence illegally obtained 1) Inadmissible – in any proceeding, judicial or administrative 2) Reason – exclusion is the only practical way of enforcing the constitutional guarantees 3) Right of owner – owner of evidence obtained illegally has a right to seize the articles Writ of habeas corpus – the right of a citizen to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as a protection against illegal imprisonment Purpose of the writ – completes the legal armory and remedy of a citizen against violations * Secures the privacy of an individual How writ operates – served upon the respondent who shall file an answer under oath with supporting affidavit (affidavit – a sworn statement in writing made especially under oath or on affirmation before an authorized magistrate or officer) Sec 4. No law shall be passed depriving freedom of speech Freedom of speech, of expression, and of the press – right to freely utter and publish whatever one pleases without previous restraint Scope of terms â€Å"speech†, â€Å"expression† and â€Å"press† 1) Speech and expression – oral utterances such as protests as expression of opinion about subjects of public concern 2) Press – every sort of publications Importance of the guarantee 1) Promotes growth of the individual and the nation – freedom of speech should be protected by the State 2) Makes possible, scrutiny of acts and conduct of public officials – public opinion must be enlightened 3) Insures a responsive and popular government – people must be able to voice their sentiments and aspirations so that they may become active participants Freedom of expression not absolute 1) Subject to regulation by the State – in order for it to not be injurious 2) Subject one to liability when abused – any one who slanders another may be penalized Justification for abridgement of freedom of speech and of the press 1) Clear and present danger rule – a speech will likely lead to an evil scheme 2) Application of rule Right of assembly – right on the part of the citizens to meet peaceably for consultation in respect to public affairs Right of petition – right of any person to apply to the appropriate branch of the government for redress of grievances Relationship with freedom of speech and of the press 1) Complement of right of free speech 2) Application of clear and present danger rule Sec 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion Religious freedom – right of man to worship God Religion – all forms of belief in the existence of superior beings exercising power over human beings Aspects of religious freedom 1) Separation of church and state 2) Freedom of religious prefession and worship Freedom of religious profession and worship 1) Freedom to believe in a religion 2) Freedom to act in accordance with such belief Right to disseminate religious beliefs 1) Relationship with right to believe – right to disseminate religious beliefs and information 2) Justification for restraint of right License fee or tax on sale of religious articles 1) Permission or condition for exercise of right 2) Imposition of financial burden after exercise of right Religious test prohibited 1) Meaning of terms a) Religious test – one demanding the affirmation or contradiction of certain religious beliefs before the performance of any act b) ‘civil’ or ‘political’ rights including the individual rights 2) Reason for provision – without prohibition, religious freedom becomes meaningless Sec 6. Liberty of abode and travel * Right of a person to have his home in whatever place chosen by him Limitations on the right 1) Permissible interference – lawmaking body may provide observance of curfew ours, commitment of mentally deranged persons to a mental institutions, confinement to a hospital, arrest and detention of the accused 2) Intervention of the court – a court order is not necessary Sec 7. Right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized 1) Access to official records for exercise of right 2) Arguments in support of right a) The sovereign people have the right of access to records of their government b) Enable the people to participate more effectively in governmental affairs c) It will make denunciation of government more factual, responsible, effective d) Provide a deterrent to the commission of venalities e) Reduce public suspicion of officials 3) Constitutionality or validity of implementing law Scope of the right 1) The right embraces all public records 2) It is limited to citizens only 3) Its exercise is subject to such limitations as may be provided by law Limitations on the right 1) Public records excepted – public records are declared confidential 2) Burden on government to justify withholding of information – healthy balance between the need to afford protection to vital secrets and safeguarding the basic right of the people Sec 8. Right to form associations – freedom to organize any group Purposes of the guarantee 1) Encourage the formation of voluntary associations 2) The needs of the social body seek satisfaction in one form or the other Limitation on the right – depriving of forming a group when it shows imminent danger Sec 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation Essential or inherent powers of government 1) Totality of government power – contained in 3 great powers (power of eminent domain, police power, and power of taxation) 2) Similarities Eminent domain – right of the State to take private property for public use upon paying to the owner a just compensation Conditions for or limitations upon its exercise 1) Existence of public use – beneficially employed for the community 2) Payment of just compensation 3) Observance of due process of law in the taking Meaning of ‘taking’ 1) Actual physical seizure not essential – physical seizure or appropriation of the property, and destruction or impairment 2) The ‘taking’ must be direct Police power – power of the State to enact such laws in relation to persons and property as may promote public health†¦and convenience of the people Basis of police power – ‘the welfare of the people is the supreme law, so use your own as not to injure another’s property’ Illustrations of police power laws 1) Public health – medical profession 2) Public morals – punishing vagrancy and prostitution 3) Public safety – requiring a license for the right to drive motor vehicles 4) General welfare and convenience – requiring compulsory registration of lands Taxation – power of the State to impose charge or burden upon persons and property for the use and support of the government Theory and basis of taxation 1) Power: Government cannot continue without means to pay its existence, it has right to compel citizens and property within its limits to contribute 2) Basis: Protection and support between the State and its inhabitants Taxes – enforced proportional contributions from persons and property; financial burdens or charges imposed by the government Distinction among the three powers 1) As to authority which exercises the power – taxation and police power: government Eminent domain: public service companies 2) As to purpose – taxation: support for government Eminent domain: for public use Police power: purpose of promoting the general welfare 3) As to effect – taxation: money -> public funds Eminent domain: right -> property Police power: no such transfer 4) As to persons affected – taxation and police power: community Eminent domain: individual 5) As to benefits received – taxation: receives equivalent tax in the form of benefits Eminent domain: compensation Police power: compensation is not immediate Sec 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed Obligation of a contract – law which binds the parties to perform their agreement according to its terms Law – includes executive and administrative orders of the President Contract – obligation of which is secured against impairment under the Constitution Purpose of non-impairment prohibition 1) Protect creditors, to assure the fulfilment of lawful promises, and to guard the integrity of contractual obligations Sec15. Writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion How writ operates Privilege of the writ – further order from the court to release an individual if it finds his detention without legal cause or authority

American and Foreign Culture essays

American and Foreign Culture essays The world we live in can be considered as being a complex system of values and traditions, of customs, and national identities. The differences that lie at the basis of each of the worlds civilizations and cultures is what gives our society its sense of individuality but at the same time can be the reason of unpardonable mistakes which can offend the others sense of nationality and of traditional values. From this perspective, it is important to always be aware of the cultural differences and at the same time, of the similarities that parts and keeps us together. We tend to have different perceptions of ideas, of notions and concepts, of beliefs, even of colors and rituals. It is precisely such rifts that give our world the sense of diversity and makes cultural interaction an exciting and at the same time risky affair. Despite the possible difficulties we may come across when we come in contact with a different culture, the experience can prove to be worthy of the struggle and reward ing in terms of the personal experience one is likely to share with the others. The American culture can be viewed as being practically international due to the wide spread of the American symbols, of the impact and influence the American way of life has on the world. It represents for most societies the comparison point for prosperity and well being. However, despite the fact that most of the times the economic aspect tends to dominate the discussions on the way in which the American culture is perceived, there are other symbols as well which in fact define the core nature of the American traditions, customs, and in the end culture. However, these cannot be seen in their broadest expression but through a thorough comparison with another culture. The Japanese cultural environment in this sense is one of the most eloquent examples one can use to underline both the real identity of the American culture, as well as the diversity of the cultural ...

Research Methods Essays

Research Methods Essays Research Methods Essay Research Methods Essay Overview of various research methods When writing a Research Paper it is important to know different research methods. These methods help to gather and systematize the information and data In order to scientifically prove the validity of the work. Further will be explained ways how to collect the data. Research methods are divided In two big blocks: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative methods are those where results are explained In numbers, whereas qualitative methods define outcomes by what respondents answer. It Is more objective and more open, as results are not described by numbers, but rather as observations. To put both methods differences together: quantitative look more for statistical explanation, but qualitative are more in-depth. 1 Further will be in more detail explained methods that lay under quantitative and qualitative. There are many ways how to collect data for the research. One of them is doing experiments. It usually involves small amount of people who are doing some tests, for example, detecting how fast people read, what affects their reading skills and other objectives. This method is very in-depth and counted as qualitative as the behavior people is investigated in order to conclude some outcomes. One of the minuses of such methods is that it only researches small group of the society and does not give overall overview for all public. 2 Second type of methods is surveys. Surveys are conducted when a researcher wants quickly to gather a big amount of data. They have low cost, wide range of respondents, easy to conduct and systematize the results. Surveys are usually in a written form and they can be transferred to people in various ways- through e-mail, Web pages or questions can be asked in a person or through telephone call. This type also has few flaws- not all participants will answer to all questions, meaning they can skips some parts, it usually has a low return rate of answers and It also cannot present all society. 3 Third type of how to collect data for research Is to conduct a questionnaire. Questionnaire similarly to survey Is a method where Information Is gathered from a big amount of people and It Is analyses quantitatively and systematically. The pluses of such method are: easy and quick to fill In, easy to analyses the data and It Is easy to port the results. In questionnaires It Is Important to keep questions simple as people are usually lazy and not so eager to read long and complicated questions. A very good approach is to ask short answers and multiple choice answers for a quick response. It allows people just to circle the option and rapidly go to the next inquiry. For example, a question: How many hours do you sleep in a night? In a multiple placed a line where to write the number of hours. This shows how simply questions should be made. Moreover, questionnaires should not involve any sensitive topics, only general and common themes. Fourth type of research methods is interviewing people. It is not common to have yes/ no questions in this type, as the aim of it is to collect more in-depth data and have an open discussion with the respondent. Firstly, the interview has to be properly planned. It is relevant to create a pleasant atmosphere for a participant. If interview process will be chaotic and unplanned, researcher will not hear any true answers. For example, when interviewing a director of a bank. Researcher has to set a goal and objectives of the interview- what needs to be found out? Also it is important to come prepared not only with questions, but also materials which record the answers, such as paper, pencils or maybe a recorder. If a researcher wants to record the conversation with an electronic device a permission of the respondent has to be asked prior to the session. One of the drawbacks of recording an interview is that usually people are more thinking what they say and it can happen that half of the answers will be very short and lacking details, when purpose of the interview is getting deep explanation. 5 Fifth type of research method is observation. It can be an observation of a person or of some activity or some model. This method can include when over seeing what people do, what is their behavior, their relationship with others. Observation can also be on some cases or models, or even comparing two or more activities and making conclusions. This is more called analysis and is very detailed in its structure; therefore it is one of the qualitative methods. In conclusion, in this essay were described most popular research method types, which can be used almost by every chosen topic to investigate. Before choosing a epic it is important to consider what kind of data researcher wants to collect- quantitative or qualitative, because method aims differ. Surveys and questionnaires are used to collect quantitative and objective data, whereas interviews, experiments and observations are used to gather qualitative and subjective data. 2) Most suitable research methods for topic Marketing approaches in Real Estate companies in Riga In this research aim will be to explore what are the common marketing strategies which real estate companies utilize in Riga and what they aim at. Methods will be seed on three biggest real estate companies in Riga- Lotion, Arcos and Boer Hausa. Further will be explained most suitable research methods in order to achieve goal to get to know scheme of marketing in capital of Latvia. Impossible to do quantitative research methods. First of all, real estate companies do not present their marketing strategies, where they aim at the public, secondly the aim of research is to explore marketing strategies in depth, and therefore qualitative approaches will be used. Secondly, questionnaire and survey are given to a big amount of people, usually to a public. In this case, the goal is to get to know companies internal marketing strategies not to find out what society thinks about real estate advertising campaigns. Thirdly, quantitative methods would give numerical outcomes, meaning results will be expressed in numbers, whereas in this Research Paper the definitions of marketing strategies have to be explored. Therefore as defined above to reach the target qualitative methods must be used such as interviews and experiments. One of the qualitative approaches, which will be suitable for investigating real estate company marketing strategies, is interviews. This method will help researcher to have an insight into the companies policy and get more detailed view what is going on in the market of Latvia. The interview will be recorded either on recorder device or on the paper, which will help better to describe information in the Research Paper. Interviews will take place in real estate companies in Riga such as Lotion, Arcos, Boer Hausa and other enterprises. Marketing managers will be interviewed. If they will not be available, then discussion will be done with managers who are aware of companies marketing policy. By interviewing managers and professionals in arresting field who work in the companies, researcher will obtain very important and objective information of where these companies aim and how to they reach their target audience. Author will also try to collect information what are the most important target audiences and how to they get to them. It will promote a better understanding of each company policy and methods they use to maintain it. Therefore, main objective of the interview will be to find out what the society groups they focus on and what approaches they use to make them their customers. Second qualitative method will be used after having done the first one. In interview researcher will obtain information where companies publish their information and what parts of society they aim at. After this method, observation, comparison and analysis of these companies will be done. Here will be observed Web sites, magazines, radio and social media- everything where companies post and publish their information. It means that everything where real estate companies place their advertisements will be compared and analyzed through marketing theory.

Attitude Of Management Students Towards Entrepreneurship Business Essay

Attitude Of Management Students Towards Entrepreneurship Business Essay Entrepreneurship and small business creation are cornerstones of economic Development throughout the world. Entrepreneurial development today has assumed special importance, since it is a key to economic development. The impact of entrepreneurship education has been recognized as one of the crucial factors that help youths to understand and foster an attitude toward entrepreneurship. Management education provides a great potential for the establishment of new, small businesses. There is huge opportunity for developing management graduates as entrepreneurs. However, this potential is not exploited to its full extent. The purpose of the research is to examine management student’s attitudes towards entrepreneurship, as well as their views of entrepreneurship as career option and interest in entrepreneurial training. This study was conducted in selected districts of North Karnataka. A total of 200 questionnaires were sent to Management students and 152 students ware responded. Th e research shows that majority of the respondents are having positive attitude towards the entrepreneurship. (Keywords: Attitude, Economic development, Career option, Management students,Entrepreneurship.) â€Å"ATTITUDE OF MANAGEMENT STUDENTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A STUDY OF SELECTED DISTRICTS OF NORTH KARNATAKA† INTRODUCTION: Entrepreneurship has become an everyday buzzword. Policymakers, economists, academicians and even university students are talking about it. Today, entrepreneurship is regarded as one of the best economic development strategies to develop country’s economic growth and sustain the country’s competitiveness in facing the increasing trends of globalisation (Ooi Yeng Keat et. al). Entrepreneurship and small business creation are cornerstones of economic Development throughout the world. Entrepreneurial development today has assumed special importance, since it is a key to economic development. The objectives of industrial development, regi onal development, regional growth and employment generation depend upon entrepreneurial development. Entrepreneurs are, thus the seeds of industrial development and the fruits of industrial development are greater employment opportunities to unemployed youth, increase in per capita income, higher standard of living and increased individual savings, revenue to the government in the form of taxation and balanced regional development (Poornima Charntimath 2007). The impact of entrepreneurship education has been recognized as one of the crucial factors that help youths to understand and foster an Attitude toward entrepreneurship (Gorman, Fanlon Là ¼thje and Franke 2002; Norfadilah 2003; Nor Aishah et al. 2005). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) (2007) reports a constant growth of entrepreneurial activities in India. There are growing numbers of studies carried out to determine the influence of regional development and economic development, culture etc., on entrepreneurship.

St George Cabinet by Philip Webb Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

St George Cabinet by Philip Webb - Essay Example Background of Webb and Morris The St George Cabinet was made with two individuals who worked together, one which focused on the architecture of the cabinet, named Philip Webb, and the other which included the paintings, known as William Morris. The scenes that are incorporated are from the life of the saint and are taken directly from Medieval style architecture and art. The concept which is associated in this piece is one which consists of the Victorian values of the time, specifically which both the artists had1. The idea of the values was based on the sense of morality toward Christianity and reverence toward the older styles of art work. Morris directly influenced this because of his strong association with the Church and the restoration of older Churches that he was continuously involved in. Webb followed this particular concept with the commercial architecture that he believed was taking away from the reverence of religion and morality of the time2. The concept of religion and morality which both represented not only was based on the restoration of religion in which both believed in. ... This was based on the pagan style initiatives which were initially a part of the Church and which were approached by bringing back the original expressions of religion. The approach to several of the works, specifically by Morris, was descriptive of these scenes, the actions of the saints, and the original stories which could be exhibited in terms of religion and ritual3. Techniques and Materials of St George Cabinet The materials that are used for the Saint George Cabinet consist of painted and gilded mahagony, pine and oak and copper mounts. The overview of this can be seen in figure 1. Fig 1: Saint George Cabinet The main concept with the materials was to use the natural elements that would best represent the cabinet, combined with using durable woods to the completion of the cabinet4. The materials which were used were specifically based on finding the natural woods that would hold in durability and strength, combined with finding the materials from easy to locate resources for t he finished product. This combined approach then allowed for the cabinet materials to work in the finished handicraft material5. The techniques that were used in the making of the cabinet and the design are also defined as rare for the time because of the approach which was taken with the shape and building of the cabinet. The architecture of the cabinet, while having a box like structure, also has the Medieval elements from the sides, specifically with the pointed sides to the cabinet. The horizontal look that is held on the stand is also different to the architecture and creates an appearance that was not as popular for the time. Instead, most were interested in the length – wise

Lyndon Johnson and the Roots of Contemporary Conservatism Essay

Lyndon Johnson and the Roots of Contemporary Conservatism - Essay Example Thie essay "Lyndon Johnson and the Roots of Contemporary Conservatism" discusses the views of Tom Wicker who has dealt with a very strong aspect of the presidency. The main aspects that have been discussed are the fact that even though a President has given the country his best and provided the country with a chance to improve to great extents. In this case, the main focus has been on a President who has given America a lot of benefits and improvements – Lyndon Johnson. Lyndon Johnson has some very conservative views and an undying need to improve and better himself and provide America with all the possible benefits that he can bring to the country. There has been a clear and straight forward approach to the general issues of societies like the unemployment, urban poverty and much more. The main theme of this essay has been to provide readers with a view of the amount of work done by a president yet the disgrace they received.I completely agree with the views of Tom Wicker and I feel that people who give the country the best of their efforts and help the country progress through the macroeconomic factors. Yet the names of these people and the amount of work and efforts of these individuals have been going waste and unrecognized. Wicker has touched on a very sensitive issue which is never brought up by any one due to the number of questions that have been unanswered for years. I completely agree with this point. There is a very strong need for people to be recognized for their work.

Cognitive Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive Assessment - Essay Example Parents are sometimes unable to understand the problems that their children might be going through. On the other hand, the parents may use forceful instructions to teach their children without knowledge on the underlying problems. Studies indicate that most children who have persistent poor performance have attention disorders. Attention disorders such as Attention Disorder Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are one of the commonest conditions among younger children that are hard to identify among school-going students. Parents may sometimes think that their children are impulsive and inattentive whereas such symptoms indicate serious attention deficits. However, it is important to ensure that the exact underlying issue is identified before the child is put into a serious strategy for resolving the learning problems. In the context of Jamir’s case, it would be necessary to diagnose the problem that the child suffers from. This will help in the identification of the best strategy to be applied in order to assist the student. The mother thinks that Jamir does not listen to the instruction. This is an assumption that might be more dangerous to the child. Children like Jamir normally have impulsive behaviors that prevent them from concentrating in certain activities. For Jamir to be able to listen and read, certain strategies must be used (Shaheem, 2012).

The Importance of the Various Internal As Well As External Essay - 4

The Importance of the Various Internal As Well As External Environmental Factors of Tesco in Determining Its Strategies - Essay Example The researcher states that the principal objectives of Tesco plc have been centralized towards serving the customers with better satisfaction as well as with the motive of developing the communities where the company is operational. Moreover, the company also seeks that the employees, customers as well as shareholders are treated in a fair manner and with loyalty. Contextually, it can be stated that strategic positioning or the company, along with its available strategic choices and strategy in action plays a vital role to determine its competencies in the targeted market. Based on this perspective, the discussion henceforth will emphasize on the strategic position, strategic choices and strategy in action as the core elements of strategic management in Tesco. Hence, the discussion will aim to reveal the importance of the various internal as well as external environmental factors of Tesco in determining its strategies as well as in improving its business operational efficiencies crea ting a strong impact on its core elements of strategic management. In this regard, it can also be argued that the company has been facilitated with positive political support. Economic factors have also been significant considerations for Tesco imposing a direct impact on the demand for its products and/or services, pricing structures, costs incurred and profits obtained by the company. It is in this context that Tesco has been responding well towards the global economic fluctuations in order to perform its business operations with greater profitability, targeting the rapidly developing customer groups and also by offering competitive pricing benefits as per the convenience of the customers in the worldwide periphery. Additionally, when operating in the global market, Tesco has to comply with a diverse range of customer preferences owing to the prevalence of distinct cultural dimensions. Hence, it often becomes a challenge for the company to function with equal competencies in every sphere of its global market constituting its social environment. Perhaps, it has been influenced by this particular factor that Tesco has been performing significantly better than compared to its performances in the global marketplace. Similarly, when concentrating on technological factors, a country with more advanced technology is likely to assist the company in performing its business operations in an effective manner. It is in this context that Tesco has been facilitated with technology advancements in the UK while it had to witness significant competition in integrating technology within the global platform. Environmental factors can also be observed to have a significant influence on the effective strategic performances of Tesco.

Real estate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Real estate - Essay Example types of estates are basically determined from the type of language used in the ownership documents such as the deeds, wills, grants of land, lease and bills of sale, by which the real estate was acquired (Abts, 2002). Estates are usually distinguished by the different property rights vested in each type of real estate. Property may be transferred for various reasons, among them purchase, inheritance, gifts, and legal reasons (Abts, 2002). One can purchase real estate from another on the basis of willing buyer willing seller. This will involve transferring documents of ownership to indicate that the rights of ownership now belong to the buyer. Property can also be transferred in form of inheritance. An heir to the property will have to transfer the ownership documents to reflect his ownership. Property can also be given to another person as a reward or a gift. Property can also be transferred from one person to the other for various legal reasons, for instance, as part of a divorce case, if it was acquired illegally and has to be returned to the real owner. In all these circumstances, transfer of property has to be done carefully and often with the help of a legal advisor. In order to fully understand whatever type of property is being transferred, it is important to understand the various interests held by the two parties involved (Abts, 2002). Deeds can also affect the type of ownership being transferred. The various types of deeds involved in transfer of property include the general Warranty deed; this gives the new owner all the rights of ownership of the property without any limitations. A general warranty deed is good if property is being transferred to the buyer (Abts, 2002). A Special Warranty Deed on the other hand involves the grantor limiting the title warranty given to the grantee to anyone claiming from the grantor. The other important deed is the Quit Claim Deed, which conveys a grantor’s full interest in the property, but does not warrant that

Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Methods - Essay Example This implores into the reader’s imagination. For example, she characterizes the puffins with phrases such as â€Å"clownish faces†, â€Å"waddling walk†, â€Å"chubby-dumpling bodies†, and â€Å"fluffy chicks†. This, she describes using a sense of humor to draw the reader (Nijhuis 1). The writer also uses definition in her essay, though not much of it. At the same time, the definition method used is emotional. For example, the statements â€Å"puffins are adorable† and â€Å"seabirds are social creatures† try to spark some emotion in the reader. Therefore, the element of definition plays a significant role in drawing the readers (Nijhuis 2). Also, the writer uses the element of classification in her essay when she talks about some types of birds. For instance, she uses the phrases â€Å"predatory gulls† and â€Å"terns†. By explaining the relationship between the various aspects and the puffins, the writer ensures that th e essay covers everything and that the reader does not get

Real estate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Real estate - Essay Example types of estates are basically determined from the type of language used in the ownership documents such as the deeds, wills, grants of land, lease and bills of sale, by which the real estate was acquired (Abts, 2002). Estates are usually distinguished by the different property rights vested in each type of real estate. Property may be transferred for various reasons, among them purchase, inheritance, gifts, and legal reasons (Abts, 2002). One can purchase real estate from another on the basis of willing buyer willing seller. This will involve transferring documents of ownership to indicate that the rights of ownership now belong to the buyer. Property can also be transferred in form of inheritance. An heir to the property will have to transfer the ownership documents to reflect his ownership. Property can also be given to another person as a reward or a gift. Property can also be transferred from one person to the other for various legal reasons, for instance, as part of a divorce case, if it was acquired illegally and has to be returned to the real owner. In all these circumstances, transfer of property has to be done carefully and often with the help of a legal advisor. In order to fully understand whatever type of property is being transferred, it is important to understand the various interests held by the two parties involved (Abts, 2002). Deeds can also affect the type of ownership being transferred. The various types of deeds involved in transfer of property include the general Warranty deed; this gives the new owner all the rights of ownership of the property without any limitations. A general warranty deed is good if property is being transferred to the buyer (Abts, 2002). A Special Warranty Deed on the other hand involves the grantor limiting the title warranty given to the grantee to anyone claiming from the grantor. The other important deed is the Quit Claim Deed, which conveys a grantor’s full interest in the property, but does not warrant that

The film Educating Rita Essay Example for Free

The film Educating Rita Essay Educating Rita tells a story of two people from the opposite ends of life. An uneducated working class woman finally realises the value of education and class and with the assistance of her alcoholic upper class tutor Frank Bryant, she embarks on a journey to gain the knowledge that she deeply yearns for. There are many advantages that a film has over a production of a play. It would be inconvenient and problematic to have lots of settings and changes therefore we immediately know that the film Educating Rita has more advantages over the play. It has close up shots of the characters and different settings. The burning books scene is a great example of this. In this scene Denny (Ritas husband) find a pack of Contraceptive pills which Rita has been taking. Outraged he throws all of Ritas books into a flame. We see Rita and the books through many different angles. One of the shots includes us looking at the burning books from Ritas point. This makes us feel empathy. We also see Rita from where the books are burning. At this point we feel sympathy for her as we see the expression on her face how miserable she is about her books. In the play we would not see Denny burning Ritas books and Rita helplessly just standing there from this amount of angles. We are only able to see the play from one angle which is from out seats. Another advantage that the film has over the play is the added scenes. Added scenes one the most common ways a film can use other methods in order to put across its message. A good example of this method is the scene when Denny finds the contraceptive pills. We do not see this in the play. We see Denny entering the living rooms and tossing the packet on the table. In the film we sense trouble instantly when we witness Denny looking under the floor boards as we earlier saw Rita hiding the pills in the same spot. Throughout the entire film, there are a number of shots that describe the lifestyles of both characters. Ritas journey takes us through her neighbourhood. Through several long shots we instantly understand that the area is almost a dump. The streets are littered heavily, there are abandoned caravans on the sides, two large tanks on the far end of the street which is extremely hazardous and a siren blares in the distance indicates danger. This scene concludes that lower class people who can only afford up to this degree live in an environment like this. On the other hand, Franks environment is the opposite. As Frank walks home we see large amount of space including trees spread out finely, autumn leaves landing swiftly on the ground, parked cars and bird chirping in the distance.

Trait Paradigm of Psychology for Intelligence

Trait Paradigm of Psychology for Intelligence Trait Paradigm of Psychology and How It Applies To the Measurement of Intelligence and Personality: An Explanation It has long been observed that individuals differ one from another on many psychological dimensions. This is why Cervone and Lawrence (2007) say that traits, the primary unit of personality description, are relatively enduring ways in which individuals differ. Assessment at the level of traits is variable centered and nomothetic, focusing on differences among individuals, as opposed to the person-centered and idio-graphic approach that focuses on individuals, and that typically characterises assessment at deeper and more abstract levels of personality. An area of intense interest among psychologists is the measurement of individual differences in personality. Lubinski (2004) mentions personality is commonly defined as the constellation of traits, or typical and relatively stable patterns of responding to the environment, which are unique to various individuals. An important focus of educational psychology is the assessment of these traits and other related psychological attributes su ch as interests, preferences, and attitudes (Lubinski, 2004). Personality traits describe individual differences in human beings typical ways of perceiving, thinking, feeling, and behaving that are generally consistent over time and across situations. Three major research areas are central to trait psychology. First, trait psychologists have attempted to identify sets of basic traits that adequately describe between-person variation in human personality. Second, social scientists across disciplines use personality traits to predict behavior and life outcomes. Third, trait psychologists attempt to understand the nature of behavioral consistency and the coherence of the person in relation to situational influences. Cervone and Lawrence (2007) mention that there are two prominent approaches to identifying the basic personality traits and their organizational structure (McCrae and John 1992). The lexical approach emphasizes the evaluation of personality trait adjectives in the natural language lexicon and assumes that those personality descriptors encoded in everyday language reflect important individual differences, particularly if they are found across languages. The questionnaire approach attempts to assess important traits derived from psychologically based and biologically based personality theories. Self- and peerratings on sets of lexically derived or theoretically derived traits have typically been subjected to factor analysis to develop hierarchical organizations of traits reflecting a small number of broad superordinate dimensions overarching a large number of narrow-band traits. At the superordinate level, contemporary trait structural models vary in the number of dimensions necessary to organize lower-order traits, ranging from two to sixteen. Each of these models can be assessed via self- and peer-report using reliable and well-validated questionnaires and rating forms (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). In the most influential and widely used structural model, thirty traits are hierarchically organized into five broad bipolar dimensions, reflecting a convergence of the Big Five lexical traits and the questionnaire-based five-factor model. The Big Five/FFM dimensions are neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Adherents of the Big Five/FFM model assert that these dimensions can be found across languages and personality measures, providing a comprehensive and parsimonious account of individual differences in personality (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). Contemporary research on the heritability of traits has focused on the Big Five/FFM dimensions. Behavioral genetic studies have found substantial heritability ranging from 41 percent to 61 percent for the broad dimensions, with little evidence of shared environmental effects (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). Heritability of the narrowband traits of the FFM is more modest, ranging from 30 percent to 50 percent. It is widely believed that traits are influenced by multiple genes; molecular genetic studies, however, have not replicated results linking specific genes to personality traits. In addition to the genetic correlates of traits, promising new efforts by neuropsychologists using functional brain imaging and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings have begun to reveal the neural basis for traits. Trait theory has been applied to industrial/organizational psychology where it has been used to predict employee satisfaction and job performance. Personality traits have also been of interest to forensic psychologists in predicting psychopathic and deviant behavior. Other areas in which traits have been successfully employed include: predicting mate selection as well as marital satisfaction, social psychology, counseling, studies of human development across the lifespan, cross-cultural studies, learning and educational outcomes, and health-related behaviors and outcomes (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). Individuals differ from one another behaviorally in myriad ways. Differential psychology, the scientific study of these individual differences, provides an organizational structure for this vast array of psychological attributes (Lubinski, 2004). In words of Cervone and Lawrence (2007) by examining broad behavioral patterns and using systematic assessments of relatively stable personal attributes, differential psychology allows longitudinal forecasting of a variety of important life outcomes. Because much of the research in this area focuses particular attention on predicting long-term life outcomes, and because work is such a large and important feature of adult life, the relationships between many commonly investigated individual difference constructs and various aspects of work behavior. For example educational-vocational choice, acquisition of job-related knowledge, job performance, job satisfaction and tenure are well understood. Traditionally, the measurement of individual differences has relied on psychometric scales based on the aggregation of many items. Because any single item on a scale represents only a sliver of information about a personal attribute, aggregation is used to create a composite of several lightly correlated items. This approach distills the communality running through the items and constitutes highly reliable and useful information about the human characteristic under analysis (Gottfredson, 2003). Although individuals are commonly described in the more popular press in terms of types, implying that people are members of distinct categories (e.g., extraverts or introverts), individual difference variables are rarely observed as discrete classes. Rather, the majority of individuals are found near the center of a continuous distribution, with few observations at either extreme. The distributional pattern of most individual difference variables is well represented by the normal (bell-shaped) curve (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). The major dimensions of individual differences can be classified into three overlapping clusters: cognitive abilities, preferences (interests and values), and personality (Gottfredson, 2003). The predominant scientific conceptualization of cognitive abilities involves a hierarchical organization. Various models of additional specific abilities have been proposed, but the hierarchical nature of human abilities is salient in each (Lubinski, 2000). For example, John Carroll factor analyzed more than 460 data sets collected throughout the 20th century and found a general factor (g) at the apex that explained approximately half of the common variance among a heterogeneous collection of tests, revealing a communality running through many different types of more specialized abilities and the tests designed to measure them. This general intelligence factor exhibits an extensive range of external correlates, implicating it as arguably the most scientifically significant dimension of human psychological diversity uncovered by differential psychology to date. It has repeatedly demonstrated its utility in the prediction of educationally and vocationally relevant outcomes, including the acquisition of job-related knowledge and job performance (Lubinski, 2000). For example, in a meta-analysis of 85 years of research on personnel selection methods, Frank Schmidt and John Hunter reported that g is the best single predictor of performance in job-training programs, exhibiting an average validity coefficient of .56. Schmidt and Hunter further reported that the validity of g in predicting job performance is second only to that of work sample measures. However, because the use of work samples is limited to use with incumbents and is much costlier to implement, g is usually considered more efficient. The predictive validity of g in forecasting job performance varies as a function of job complexity, with stronger relationships among more complex positions. Hunter reports validity coefficients of .58 for professional and managerial positions, .56 for highly technical jobs, .40 for semiskilled labor, and .23 for unskilled labor. For the majority of jobs (62%), those classified as medium-complexity, a validity coefficient of .51 was observed. The general factor of intelligence is supplemented by several more circumscribed, specific abilities that have demonstrated psychological importance. David Lubinski and his colleagues have shown that at least three add incremental validity to the variance-explained by g: verbal, mathematical, and spatial abilities. The importance of specific abilities may be even more apparent at higher levels of functioning (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). In examinations of numerous job analysis data sets, for example, Linda Gottfredson found that, although the functional duties of jobs were characterized primarily by their cognitive complexity (i.e., demands on general intelligence), jobs requiring above-average intelligence were more dependent on profiles of specific abilities than were those jobs requiring average or below average general intelligence (Lillienfeld, Wood and Garb, 2000). Dpecific abilities are relevant in the prediction of job performance, but they are also important in predicting the educational and vocational niches into which individuals self-select. This self-selection occurs even at extraordinary levels of general intellectual development. In a recent 10-year longitudinal study, for example, Lubinski compared the educational-vocational tracks chosen by three groups of profoundly gifted individuals (top 1 in 10,000 for their age): a high verbal group (individuals with advanced verbal reasoning ability, relative to their mathematical ability), a high math group (individuals with advanced mathematical reasoning ability, relative to their verbal ability), and a high flat profile group (individuals with comparably high verbal and mathematical abilities). Despite having similar levels of general cognitive ability, the three groups diverged in their professional developmental choices (Lillienfeld, Wood and Garb, 2000). High math participants were frequ ently pursuing training in scientific and technological professions, whereas high verbal participants were doing so in the humanities and arts. High flat participants were intermediate. Hollands model of interests organizes six general occupational themes in a hexagon with one theme at each vertex in the hexagon. The themes are ordered according to their pattern of inter-correlations: Adjacent themes in the hexagon are more highly correlated to one another, whereas opposite themes are least correlated. This model is known as the RIASEC model, an acronym for the six themes represented in the hexagon: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional (Cervone and Lawrence, 2007). Individuals with high realistic interests exhibit preferences for working with things and tools; those with high investigative interests enjoy scientific pursuits; high artistic interests reflect desires for aesthetic pursuits and self-expression; social interests involve preferences for contact with people and opportunities to help people; individuals high in enterprising interests enjoy buying, marketing, and selling; and those with conventional interests are comfor table with office practices and well-structured tasks. Individuals relative normative strengths on each of the RIASECs general occupational themes are commonly assessed using the Strong Interest Inventory (Carroll, 1993). Although the generalizability of the RIASEC model has emerged repeatedly in large samples, Dale Prediger has suggested that the model can be reduced to two relatively independent bipolar dimensions: people versus things, and data versus ideas. People versus things may be superimposed on the social and realistic themes, respectively (Carroll, 1993). Running to the first dimension, the second dimension, data versus ideas, locates data between the enterprising and conventional themes and ideas between the artistic and investigative themes. The people versus things dimension represents one of the largest sex differences on a trait uncovered in psychology (a full standard deviation, with women scoring higher on the desire to work with people, and men, with things), revealing important implications for the occupations that men and women choose. Values constitute another category of personal preferences germane to learning and work, which have demonstrated their utility in the prediction of both educational and occupational criteria. Values are validly assessed by the Study of Values, which reports the intra-individual prominence of six personal values: theoretical, economic, political, social, aesthetic, and religious. These dimensions provided an additional 13% of explained variance above the 10% offered by math and verbal abilities in the prediction of undergraduate majors in gifted youth assessed over a 10-year interval; moreover, this finding has recently been generalized to occupational criteria, measured in commensurate terms, over a 20-year interval. However, although preferences do seem to play an important role in predicting occupational group membership and tenure, once individuals self-select into occupational fields, the utility of preferences for predicting job performance in those fields is limited (Carroll, 1 993). Empirical examinations of personality use trait models to understand a persons typical interpersonal style and behavioral characteristics. These models have historically relied on a lexical approach that assumes that important dimensions of human personality are encoded in human language. This method has been fruitful: Lewis Goldberg, among others (Ackerman, 1996), has factor analyzed the lexicons of many languages and found a five-factor model of personality with remarkable similarities across cultures (see also investigations by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa). Although the labels for each of the factors have varied, similar underlying constructs consistently emerge: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. Extraversion is characterized by terms such as talkative, sociable, or not reserved; agreeableness by good-natured, cooperative, or not cold; conscientiousness by responsible, thorough, or not disorganized; neuroticism (sometimes referred to as emotional stability, reversed) by anxious, emotional, or not calm; and openness to experience (sometimes referred to as culture or intellect) by imaginative, reflective, or not narrow. The normative standing of individuals on each of the dimensions of the five-factor model of personality is commonly assessed using the NEO Personality Inventory, although an analogous instrument, the IPIP-NEO (IPIP is International Personality Item Pool), is available in the public domain at http:/ / ipip.ori.org/ Collectively (and sometimes individually), these broad dimensions of personality are valid predictors of occupational training and subsequent performance. For example, across multiple occupational categories, conscientiousness alone exhibits validity coefficients in the low .20s for predicting training and job proficiency. This particular combination of personality factors, conscientiousness and emotional stability, is found in tests of integrity commonly used in personnel selection (Spies Plake, 2005). From an individuals perspective, an appreciation of ones cognitive abilities, preferences, and personality provide invaluable insight for directing ones career development in personally rewarding ways. From an organizational perspective, one may use this information—available through measures of individual differences—to estimate the likelihood of desirable work behavior (e.g., citizenship, job performance, satisfaction, and tenure). References Ackerman, P. L., 1996, A Theory Of Adult Intellectual Development: Process, Personality, Interests, And Knowledge. Intelligence vol. 22 pp. 227-257 (1996). Aiken, L. R. (2000), Psychological Testing And Assessment (10th ed.). Boston: Allyn Bacon. Carroll, J. B. (1993), Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey Of Factor-Analytic Studies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Cervone, Lawrence A. Pervin, 2007, Personality: Theory and Research, Wiley; 10th edition (February 26, 2007), pp. 45-67. Gottfredson, L. S., 2003, The Challenge And Promise Of Cognitive Career Assessment. Journal of Career Assessment vol. 11 pp. 115-135 (2003). Lubinski, D., 2000, Scientific And Social Significance Of Assessing Individual Differences: â€Å"Sinking Shafts At A Few Critical Points.† Annual Review of Psychology vol. 51 pp. 405-444 (2000). Lubinski, D., 2004, Introduction To The Special Section On Cognitive Abilities: 100 Years After Spearmans (1904) â€Å"‘General intelligence, objectively determined and measured.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology vol. 86 pp. 96-111 (2004). Lillienfeld, S. O., Wood, J. M. , and Garb, H. N., 2000, The Scientific Status Of Projective Techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest vol. 1 (2000). pp. 27-66 Spies, R. A. , ed. , Plake, B. S. (Eds.). (2005), The Sixteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements. Candidate Number 33156762 Rapid (complex) decision making based on facial appearance Making first impressions, evaluating a person from the moment we first see them, happens spontaneously and seemingly without any cognitive effort. We do it naturally when we see and meet new people, in order to have an idea of who they are beforehand instead of unknowingly acting in a way they might find inappropriate. It appears that humans are excellent in judging personality traits and such things as complex social characteristics like dominance, hierarchy, warmth, and especially threat. For instance, think about this example. Youre walking down a dark street, late at night trying to get home, and you see someone coming towards you. As you pass the person, you see a tall and bulky figure wearing a black hood that puts a shadow on a roughed up looking man. Before you can make a conscious thought, your legs have already moved as far away from him as possible, purely out of instinct, even thought a second later you realize its your neighbor and you shakily smile at them and keep walking. The first impression that had subconsciously and immediately formed in the mind had already controlled the bodys reaction to what it perceived to be a threat (a scary looking man). Yet, it also shows how incorrect first impressions can be, and that can have a huge effect on peoples lives. Since its such a big part of everyday life, psychologists have looked deeply into the workings of first impressions. Social perception is the field of study which looks into how we form impressions and make inferences about other people. It is a very complex process, especially forming impressions of objects, animals and most importantly people. We form first impressions of others very quickly and usually based on little information. We give special attention to salient features, focusing first on the face, then physical features while moving on to appearance and clothes. Then the process continues to categorizing the first impression of a person into a member of a group, starting broadly, from age and gender, and narrowing down to explicit features. It is followed by our own previous knowledge that comes into effect of our impression as well as previous behavior that has been gathered about that impression, as then our own needs and goals influence how we perceive others. And that information is needed, as people can be unpredictable. In the past the information was needed in order to distinguish trustworthy people from those who mean us harm, when now its socially needed to interact suitably with people. In order to understand first impressions, the biology behind it must be understood. From an evolutionary point of view, first impressions have adaptive advantages, such as picking the appropriate mate. The first impression we perceive of someone is essential for us to understand how physically attractive, reliable, and strong they are, as we make that decision based on physical appearance rather than the personality of the person, as we would like the offspring to be good looking, healthy, meaning characteristics that are advantageous to the perceivers reproductive needs, and we must act fast before the window of opportunity closes. Also if someone means us harm, or is ill, there is the possibility of us being harmed or falling ill ourselves, again we must act fast to avoid this. Usually the first impressions are most accurate, but there is always human error, as sometimes what we perceive to be trustworthy, isnt. What the evolutionary point of view argues is that its possible that o ur ability to form first impressions isnt due to practice, but instinct. We seem to effortlessly form first impressions and even better with practice and experience. There are reasons to suggest that people may have an adaptive predisposition to form rapid first impressions when meeting someone. When people look at other peoples features its important to act fast, because for an instance, if someone is untrustworthy then they may look like they may harm, cheat or insult us and we should register the fact as quick as possible in order to act appropriately. If not, then the consequences may be being killed, hurt or cheated. Its better to be prepared to fight off harm rather than mull over the intent of the other person. There have been several studies that have looked at trustworthiness and first impression. These are not just the source of benefits, but there are also the sources of threats, for instance when forming the first impression, it must be fast as there is competition, and sometimes the competition could mean us harm. Even good meaning individual s may pose a threat to our health or reproductive fitness. Schiller et al 2009, investigated the brain mechanisms that rise when first impressions are rapidly formed when meeting a stranger (Schiller et al 2009). There were nineteen right-handed participants, who were told that they would see information about different people and were asked to give their impressions of them. In their neuro-imaging analysis, where they examined which regions showed the difference in evaluation effect out of regions that were broadly engaged in the impression-formation task, the only regions showing significantly greater bold responses to evaluation-relevant sentences were the amygdala the PCC and the thalamus. There were no regions showing the opposite effect. The first study suggesting that the amygdala, a part of the brain that research has shown to perform a role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions has an important role in trustworthiness judgments, was conducted by Adolphs, Tranel, Damasio, 1998. They showed that patients with bilateral amygdala damage perceived untrustworthy-looking faces as trustworthy, and couldnt discriminate between trustworthy and untrustworthy faces (Adolphs, Tranel, and Damasio, 1998). Several years later, Engell, Haxby Todorov, 2007, looked into the fact of whether a stranger is trustworthy, as one of the most important decisions in social environments and relations, something we consider when acquainting with new people (Engell, Haxby Todorov, 2007). There is considerable data about the significance of trait impressions from faces, yet there is little research about the neural mechanisms causing these impressions. There were one hundred and twenty-nine undergraduate students participating i n the study, where functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to show that the amygdala is involved in hidden evaluations of trustworthiness of faces, consistent with previous findings. They reported that the amygdala response increased as perceived trustworthiness decreased in a task that did not demand person evaluation. Engell, Haxby Todorov also tested whether the increased amygdala response was due to an individuals own personal perception or to face characteristics that are perceived as untrustworthy throughout individuals. The amygdala response was better predicted by agreed ratings of trustworthiness than by an individuals own judgments. Individual judgments accounted for little outstanding variance in the amygdala after controlling for the shared variance with agreed ratings. The findings of this study suggested that the amygdala categorizes faces automatically according to face characteristics that are seen to show trustworthiness. More recently, Todorov Duchaine, 2008, looked at developmental prosopagnosics who had severe impairments in their memory for faces and perception of facial identity who showed they could make normal trustworthiness judgments of novel faces (Todorov Duchaine, 2008). Their control group consisted of forty-eight undergraduate students, mostly male with the mean age of twenty, which were younger compared to the four developmental prosopagnosics used in the experiment, where they were presented with face sets with the question â€Å"How trustworthy is this person?† and asked to respond on the scale below the photograph. What they found was that there were no significant differences between male and female control participants on both their agreement in the ratings of the faces and their mean trustworthiness judgments. They also tested the four prosopagnosics on three different face sets: set one consisted of faces that contrasted on multiple proportions and which were also used t o demonstrate injuries in trustworthiness judgments of patients with bilateral amygdala damage. The other two sets consisted of normal faces with a direct look, with neutral expression and similar age. Todorov Duchaine found that on all the tests, two of the prosopagnosics made judgments that agreed with the controls judgments while the other two showed weak. The implications of this experiment suggest that there is a correlation that the tests mapped the same underlying judgment irrespective of the specific face stimuli. The normal performance of two of the prosopagnosics suggested that forming person impressions from faces involves mechanisms functionally independent of mechanisms for encoding the identity of faces. A later study by Oosterhof Todorov, 2009, proposed that changes in trustworthiness match to the subtle changes in expressions, which show whether the person displaying the emotion should be avoided or approached (Oosterhof Todorov, 2009). Oosterhof and Todorov used a dynamic paradigm where faces expressed either happiness or anger. There were sixty undergraduate students participating in the experiment, with twenty-one participating in the selection of trustworthy and untrustworthy faces, and thirty-nine participated in the dynamic stimuli study. They manipulated changes in face trustworthiness at the same time as with the change in the face expression, for instance changes from high to low trustworthiness increased the intensity of participants perceived anger but decreased the intensity of participants perceived happiness. What they found was that trustworthy faces who expressed happiness were seen as happier than untrustworthy faces, and untrustworthy faces who expressed anger w ere seen as angrier than trustworthy faces, which makes sense as the more angry and unapproachable someone looks, the more likely we are to avoid them for our own safety as they would look intimidating to us. When we first make an interaction with someone, our facial recognition of them is essential for the social interaction. Its not a conscious thought per se, when the decision of how trustworthy someone is, but it happens, and we decide whether the person weve just met is someone we can relate to, then maybe consider a friend, and later depend on them with everything that we care about. Its not a light matter, our lives are who and what we are, and unfortunately as it is we cannot rely sorely on ourselves, and we need other people, may it be for help, comfort or just a chat. And of course, the people we look for are those who wont turn their backs on us when we need them and will be there to support us. Its a simple survival skill, trust those who wont hurt us and we can live normally. When people are emotionally animated it is much easier to perceive the expressions they convey, particularly threatening and fearful ones very swiftly, which helps us respond to danger quickly. But how fast are first impressions exactly? Several researches have looked into how fast first impressions are made. In 2006, Bar et al looked into the fact that first impressions of peoples personalities are often formed by using the visual appearance of their faces (Bar, Neta, Linz, 2006). They reported four experiments; with the first measuring the speed of how first impressions of intelligence and threatening personality are made. They used sixty adults, mostly women, where the participants in the experiment were shown one face at a time and were asked to rate, on a scale ranging from 1 to 5, the level that they perceived each face to belong first to threatening person, and later followed with an intelligent person at the second part of the experiment. What Bat et al did was present the faces for different time lengths to different groups of participants, the first group was presented the faces for a short time and the other group was presented with faces for a longer time and then the correlation between the judgments of each group was measured, they identified how quickly participants judged a face as having a certain personality. The results demonstrate that consistent first impressions can be formed very quickly, based on whatever information is available within the first 39 ms. First impressions were less consistent under these conditions when the judgments were about intelligence, suggesting that survival-related traits are judged more quickly. The study showed that when faces are particularly emotionally expressive, people can detect these expressions that are being conveyed, such as threatening and fearful expressions, very quickly and mostly subconsciously. While Bar, Neta, Linz, 2006, looked at neutral expressions in their study, Blair, Morris, Frith, Perrett, Dolan, 1999, looked at emotions portrayed by the face. Blair et al, 1999, used functional neuroimaging to test two hypotheses: one, whether the amygdala has a neural response to sad and angry facial expressions and two, whether the orbito-frontal cortex has a specific neural response to angry facial expressions (Blair, Morris, Frith, Perrett, Dolan, 1999). There were thirteen male participants, all with the mean age of 25 who were PET scanned, while performing a sex discrimination task that consisted of grey-scale images of faces that expressed different degrees of sadness and anger. They found that increasing force of sad facial expressions was associated with enhanced activity in the left amygdala and right temporal pole. The results also indicated

Health and Wellness int the Workplace :: essays research papers

Health and Wellness in the Workplace   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the health of employees can help or hinder a company, then why do companies still have sick days? With the â€Å"on the go† lifestyles, how can we not question the health of employees and their families. Today we have high stress jobs, rush hour traffic, and demanding schedules. Being healthy and fit is the way to conquer tomorrow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We, as people in the workforce, are depended on to follow through with work commitments. A healthy employee is able to do more and feel well enough to enjoy it. We strive to do our best but how can we when we have low morale at the office. Healthy employees directly impact the bottom-line of all companies, from the sole proprietorship to the large corporation (1996). Keeping health-care costs low, boosting morale, increasing productivity, and reducing the absent rate is a payoff that every good business owner should recognize. When a small business is trying to become larger, having employees who are healthy and stress free is important. Losing a member of an already small number due to being ill is not the way to succeed. Working in an environment that is happy and productive is the perfect place to work, regardless of what the job is. With the health care costs reaching high number there is no wonder we have a large number of absenteeism. So many wait to the last possible painstaking work day to decide to see a doctor about their aliment, and all of that could be prevented. Preventing oneself to have to take time off from work is one way to keep costs low. There are so many areas that need to be addressed when it comes to what is going to slow us down as a company. According to estimates by Dr. Jaime Claudio(1991), a corporate wellness consultant for Health Plus, a provider of health-care insurance, a comprehensive eating awareness and weight- management program designed to improve long-term habits could generate an 80% reduction in the incidence of potential problems caused by obesity in the workplace. These problems include hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and diminished work efficiency. Obesity is not the only eating disorder that is a problem, there is bulimia and anorexia. Smoking, drinking, su bstance abuse, and stress are problems that are brought into the workplace and stop productivity. We have to be aware of issues that are there but are not usually thought of as an illness.